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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 26, 806-818, Copyright © 1985 by Lipid Research, Inc.
MH Green, L Uhl and JB Green
A linear, first-order, constant-coefficient multicompartmental model is
presented which describes the dynamics of [3H]retinol turnover in adult
rats with normal plasma retinol concentrations but low liver stores (less
than 100 micrograms of retinol equivalents). To fit plasma and tissue
(liver, kidney, and rest of carcass) tracer and tracee data, eight
physiological compartments were required in the model: two in plasma
(proposed to correspond to the retinol transport complex, and retinyl
esters in plasma lipoproteins) and two each in liver, kidneys, and other
extrahepatic tissues. Extensive recycling of retinol among plasma, liver,
and the rest of carcass was also required. The model predicted that 44% of
whole body vitamin A (143 micrograms) was in extrahepatic tissues. The
vitamin A utilization rate (system disposal rate) was 6.9 micrograms of
retinol equivalents/day. The system residence time (mean sojourn time) for
vitamin A was 21 days, and the fractional catabolic rate for the system was
5%/day. The mean transit time (turnover time) for vitamin A in its plasma
retinol transport complex was 0.078 days (1.9 hr); the residence time was
0.98 day, versus 11 days in the liver, 9 days in carcass, and 0.54 days in
kidneys. The model predicted that, of the plasma turnover, 48% recycled to
the liver and 52% to extrahepatic tissues. The liver retinol secretion rate
was 48 micrograms/day, more than half of which was from recycled plasma
retinol. Since the plasma retinol turnover rate (87 micrograms/day) was 13
times the system disposal rate, the data suggest that this is a high
response system in which changes in the dynamics of recycling of retinol
allow for rapid adjustment in vitamin A distribution in response to changes
in nutritional, metabolic, or physiological conditions; and in which plasma
retinol levels are controlled homeokinetically by changes in hepatic and
extrahepatic recycling of holo retinol-binding protein.
ARTICLES
A multicompartmental model of vitamin A kinetics in rats with marginal liver vitamin A stores
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  C. J. Cifelli, J. B. Green, Z. Wang, S. Yin, R. M. Russell, G. Tang, and M. H. Green Kinetic Analysis Shows that Vitamin A Disposal Rate in Humans Is Positively Correlated with Vitamin A Stores J. Nutr., May 1, 2008; 138(5): 971 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Zunino, D. H. Storms, and C. B. Stephensen Diets Rich in Polyphenols and Vitamin A Inhibit the Development of Type I Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice J. Nutr., May 1, 2007; 137(5): 1216 - 1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Raila, T. E. Willnow, and F. J. Schweigert Megalin-Mediated Reuptake of Retinol in the Kidneys of Mice Is Essential for Vitamin A Homeostasis J. Nutr., November 1, 2005; 135(11): 2512 - 2516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Gieng, J. Raila, and F. J. Rosales Accumulation of retinol in the liver after prolonged hyporetinolemia in the vitamin A-sufficient rat J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2005; 46(4): 641 - 649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Cifelli, J. B. Green, and M. H. Green Dietary Retinoic Acid Alters Vitamin A Kinetics in Both the Whole Body and in Specific Organs of Rats with Low Vitamin A Status J. Nutr., April 1, 2005; 135(4): 746 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. C. Ross, A. M. G. Pasatiempo, and M. H. Green Chylomicron Margination, Lipolysis, and Vitamin A Uptake in the Lactating Rat Mammary Gland: Implications for Milk Retinoid Content Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2004; 229(1): 46 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Ross Retinoid Production and Catabolism: Role of Diet in Regulating Retinol Esterification and Retinoic Acid Oxidation J. Nutr., January 1, 2003; 133(1): 291S - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. N. J. Strube, J. L. Beard, and A. C. Ross Iron Deficiency and Marginal Vitamin A Deficiency Affect Growth, Hematological Indices and the Regulation of Iron Metabolism Genes in Rats J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3607 - 3615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-T. Jang, J. B. Green, J. L. Beard, and M. H. Green Kinetic Analysis Shows That Iron Deficiency Decreases Liver Vitamin A Mobilization in Rats J. Nutr., May 1, 2000; 130(5): 1291 - 1296. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. K. Kelley and M. H. Green Plasma Retinol Is a Major Determinant of Vitamin A Utilization in Rats J. Nutr., October 1, 1998; 128(10): 1767 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. J. Rosales and A. C. Ross Acute Inflammation Induces Hyporetinemia and Modifies the Plasma and Tissue Response to Vitamin A Supplementation in Marginally Vitamin A-Deficient Rats J. Nutr., June 1, 1998; 128(6): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 R Blomhoff, M. Green, T Berg, and K. Norum Transport and storage of vitamin A Science, October 19, 1990; 250(4979): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [PDF]
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