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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 30, 785-807, Copyright © 1989 by Lipid Research, Inc.


REVIEWS

Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review

WS Harris
Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103.

Epidemiological studies in Greenland Eskimos led to the hypothesis that marine oils rich in n-3 fatty acids (also referred to as omega (omega)- 3 fatty acids) are hypolipidemic and ultimately antiatherogenic. Metabolically controlled trials in which large amounts of fish oil were fed to normal volunteers and hyperlipidemic patients showed that these fatty acids (FAs) are effective at lowering plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Although more recent trials using smaller, more practical doses of fish oil supplements have confirmed the hypotriglyceridemic effect, they have shown little effect on total cholesterol levels; hypertriglyceridemic patients have even experienced increases in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of 10- 20% while taking n-3 FA supplements. Discrepancies among fish oil studies regarding the effects of n-3 FAs on LDL-C levels may be understood by noting that, in the majority of studies reporting reductions in LDL-C levels, saturated fat intake was lowered when switching from the control diet to the fish oil diet. When fish oil is fed and saturated fat intake is constant, LDL-C levels either do not change or may increase. Levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol have been found to increase slightly (about 5-10%) with fish oil intake. Plasma apolipoprotein levels change in concert with their associated lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Although the decrease in triglyceride levels appears to result from an inhibition in hepatic triglyceride synthesis, the mechanisms leading to the increases in LDL and HDL have not been determined. Finally, fatty fish or linolenic acid may serve as alternative sources of long-chain n-3 FAs, but further studies will be needed to document their hypolipidemic and/or antiatherogenic effects.
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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M. A. Carluccio, M. Massaro, C. Bonfrate, L. Siculella, M. Maffia, G. Nicolardi, A. Distante, C. Storelli, and Raffaele De Caterina
Oleic Acid Inhibits Endothelial Activation : A Direct Vascular Antiatherogenic Mechanism of a Nutritional Component in the Mediterranean Diet
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1999; 19(2): 220 - 228.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
L. L. Rudel, K. Kelley, J. K. Sawyer, R. Shah, and M. D. Wilson
Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Promote Aortic Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor–Null, Human ApoB100–Overexpressing Transgenic Mice
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1998; 18(11): 1818 - 1827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
J. Wilkinson, J. A. Higgins, C. Fitzsimmons, and D. E. Bowyer
Dietary Fish Oils Modify the Assembly of VLDL and Expression of the LDL Receptor in Rabbit Liver
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 1998; 18(9): 1490 - 1497.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
B. J. M. van Vlijmen, R. P. Mensink, H. B. van 't Hof, R. F. G. Offermans, M. H. Hofker, and L. M. Havekes
Effects of dietary fish oil on serum lipids and VLDL kinetics in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice
J. Lipid Res., June 1, 1998; 39(6): 1181 - 1188.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
R. De Caterina, W. Bernini, M. A. Carluccio, J. K. Liao, and P. Libby
Structural requirements for inhibition of cytokine-induced endothelial activation by unsaturated fatty acids
J. Lipid Res., May 1, 1998; 39(5): 1062 - 1070.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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BMJHome page
J L Tang, J M Armitage, T Lancaster, C A Silagy, G H Fowler, H A W Neil, G. D. Smith, and S. Ebrahim
Systematic review of dietary intervention trials to lower blood total cholesterol in free-living subjects • Commentary: Dietary change, cholesterol reduction, and the public health---what does meta-analysis add?
BMJ, April 18, 1998; 316(7139): 1213 - 1220.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
J. A. Conquer and B. J. Holub
Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the levels of circulating DHA as non-esterified fatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background
J. Lipid Res., February 1, 1998; 39(2): 286 - 292.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
W. R. Fisher, L. A. Zech, and P. W. Stacpoole
Apolipoprotein B metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic diabetic patients administered either a fish oil- or vegetable oil-enriched diet
J. Lipid Res., February 1, 1998; 39(2): 388 - 401.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
P. Marckmann, E.-M. Bladbjerg, and J. Jespersen
Dietary Fish Oil (4 g Daily) and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Healthy Men
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3384 - 3391.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
T. A. B. Sanders, F. R. Oakley, G. J. Miller, K. A. Mitropoulos, D. Crook, and M. F. Oliver
Influence of n-6 versus n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Diets Low in Saturated Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins and Hemostatic Factors
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3449 - 3460.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
X. Wu, A. Shang, H. Jiang, and H. N. Ginsberg
Demonstration of Biphasic Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Apolipoprotein B Secretion in HepG2 Cells
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1997; 17(11): 3347 - 3355.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M. Rouis, K. A. Dugi, L. Previato, A. P. Patterson, J. D. Brunzell, H. B. Brewer, and S. Santamarina-Fojo
Therapeutic Response to Medium-Chain Triglycerides and {omega}-3 Fatty Acids in a Patient With the Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1997; 17(7): 1400 - 1406.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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NEJMHome page
M. L. Daviglus, J. Stamler, A. J. Orencia, A. R. Dyer, K. Liu, P. Greenland, M. K. Walsh, D. Morris, and R. B. Shekelle
Fish Consumption and the 30-Year Risk of Fatal Myocardial Infarction
N. Engl. J. Med., April 10, 1997; 336(15): 1046 - 1053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M. L. Barbeau, K. F. Klemp, J. R. Guyton, and K. A. Rogers
Dietary Fish Oil : Influence on Lesion Regression in the Porcine Model of Atherosclerosis
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1997; 17(4): 688 - 694.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Nutr.Home page
K. Sugiyama, A. Yamakawa, H. Kawagishi, and S. Saeki
Dietary Eritadenine Modifies Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Molecular Species Profile in Rats Fed Different Types of Fat
J. Nutr., April 1, 1997; 127(4): 593 - 599.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Nutr.Home page
R. P. Glahn and D. R. Van Campen
Iron Uptake Is Enhanced in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers by Cysteine and Reduced Cysteinyl Glycine
J. Nutr., April 1, 1997; 127(4): 642 - 647.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
T. A. Mori, L. J. Beilin, V. Burke, J. Morris, and J. Ritchie
Interactions Between Dietary Fat, Fish, and Fish Oils and Their Effects on Platelet Function in Men at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1997; 17(2): 279 - 286.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
N. J. Stone
Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease
Circulation, November 1, 1996; 94(9): 2337 - 2340.
[Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
R. M. Krauss, R. J. Deckelbaum, N. Ernst, E. Fisher, B. V. Howard, R. H. Knopp, T. Kotchen, A. H. Lichtenstein, H. C. McGill, T. A. Pearson, et al.
Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults: A Statement for Health Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association
Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1795 - 1800.
[Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M.-F. Hau, A. H.M. Smelt, A. J.G.H. Bindels, E. J.G. Sijbrands, A. Van der Laarse, W. Onkenhout, W. van Duyvenvoorde, and H. M.G. Princen
Effects of Fish Oil on Oxidation Resistance of VLDL in Hypertriglyceridemic Patients
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 1996; 16(9): 1197 - 1202.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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ANN INTERN MEDHome page
I. Toft, K. H. Bonaa, O. C. Ingebretsen, A. Nordoy, and T. Jenssen
Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Glucose Homeostasis and Blood Pressure in Essential Hypertension: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Ann Intern Med, December 15, 1995; 123(12): 911 - 918.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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ANN INTERN MEDHome page
W. E. Connor
Diabetes, Fish Oil, and Vascular Disease
Ann Intern Med, December 15, 1995; 123(12): 950 - 952.
[Full Text]


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Hum Exp ToxicolHome page
A. Abdel-Gayoum, A. Bashir, and M. El-Fakhri
Effects of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementations on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat
Human and Experimental Toxicology, November 1, 1995; 14(11): 884 - 888.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Fam MedHome page
Council on Scientific Affairs
Management of Disorders of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and Lipoprotein Metabolism: Report 6 of the Council on Scientific Affairs
Arch Fam Med, October 1, 1995; 4(10): 869 - 878.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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BMJHome page
B N C Prichard, C C T Smith, K L E Ling, and D J Betteridge
Fish oils and cardiovascular disease
BMJ, April 1, 1995; 310(6983): 819 - 820.
[Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
F. Supari, T. Ungerer, D. G. Harrison, and J. K. Williams
Fish Oil Treatment Decreases Superoxide Anions in the Myocardium and Coronary Arteries of Atherosclerotic Monkeys
Circulation, February 15, 1995; 91(4): 1123 - 1128.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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ANGIOLOGYHome page
A. Salachas, C. Papadopoulos, G. Sakadamis, J. Styliadis, V. Voudris, D. Oakley, and R. Saynor
Effects of a Low-Dose Fish Oil Concentrate on Angina, Exercise Tolerance Time, Serum Triglycerides, and Platelet Function
Angiology, December 1, 1994; 45(12): 1023 - 1031.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
E. A. Turvey, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, M. Parolin, and S. J. Peters
Elevated n-3 fatty acids in a high-fat diet attenuate the increase in PDH kinase activity but not PDH activity in human skeletal muscle
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 350 - 355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Dallongeville, E. Bauge, A. Tailleux, J. M. Peters, F. J. Gonzalez, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Is Not Rate-limiting for the Lipoprotein-lowering Action of Fish Oil
J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 4634 - 4639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
E. A. Fisher, M. Pan, X. Chen, X. Wu, H. Wang, H. Jamil, J. D. Sparks, and K. J. Williams
The Triple Threat to Nascent Apolipoprotein B. EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE, DISTINCT DEGRADATIVE PATHWAYS
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2001; 276(30): 27855 - 27863.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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