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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 31, 1149-1172, Copyright © 1990 by Lipid Research, Inc.
SM Grundy and MA Denke
Substantial data are available to indicate that the diet influences serum
levels of cholesterol and lipoproteins. These data are derived from studies
in laboratory animals, from epidemiologic studies, and from human
investigations. Most research has focused on effects of diet on serum total
cholesterol concentrations. In recent years, however, attention has shifted
to individual lipoproteins, i.e., low density lipoproteins (LDL), high
density lipoproteins (HDL), and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Three
nutritional factors have been identified that raise serum LDL levels; these
are saturated fatty acids, cholesterol itself, and excess caloric intake
leading to obesity. The major cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in
the diet is palmitic acid. Several nutrients can be substituted for
saturated fatty acids to produce a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels.
These are polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids,
carbohydrates, and even one saturated fatty acid, stearic acid. The latter
appears to be converted rapidly into a monounsaturated fatty acid in the
body. Any of these nutrients can be used for replacement of
cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids in the diet. However, their
relative effects on other metabolic processes remain to be determined
fully. At present it appears that carbohydrates and monounsaturated fatty
acids represent the preferred replacements for saturated fatty acids,
although modest increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid,
at the expense of cholesterol-raising saturates, probably are safe and may
provide for greater variety in the diet.
REVIEWS
Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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R. H. Knopp, C. E. Walden, B. M. Retzlaff, B. S. McCann, A. A. Dowdy, J. J. Albers, G. O. Gey, and M. N. Cooper Long-term Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of 4 Fat-Restricted Diets in Hypercholesterolemic and Combined Hyperlipidemic Men: The Dietary Alternatives Study JAMA, November 12, 1997; 278(18): 1509 - 1515. [Abstract] [PDF]
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I. O. Nuotio, O. T. Raitakari, K. V.K. Porkka, L. Rasanen, T. Moilanen, and J. S.A. Viikari Associations Between Diet and the Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia Phenotype Expression in Children and Young Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 1997; 17(5): 820 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 S. A. Kliewer, S. S. Sundseth, S. A. Jones, P. J. Brown, G. B. Wisely, C. S. Koble, P. Devchand, W. Wahli, T. M. Willson, J. M. Lenhard, et al. Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma PNAS, April 29, 1997; 94(9): 4318 - 4323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-H. Cheng and W.-W. Yu Lipid Metabolism Is Altered by Nebacitin in Rats Fed Cooked-Stored Polished Rice as the Only Dietary Carbohydrate with or without Exogenous Cholesterol J. Nutr., January 1, 1997; 127(1): 153 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. Mata, R. Alonso, A. Lopez-Farre, J.M. Ordovas, C. Lahoz, C. Garces, C. Caramelo, R. Codoceo, E. Blazquez, and M. de Oya Effect of Dietary Fat Saturation on LDL Oxidation and Monocyte Adhesion to Human Endothelial Cells In Vitro Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 1996; 16(11): 1347 - 1355. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. M. Krauss, R. J. Deckelbaum, N. Ernst, E. Fisher, B. V. Howard, R. H. Knopp, T. Kotchen, A. H. Lichtenstein, H. C. McGill, T. A. Pearson, et al. Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults: A Statement for Health Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1795 - 1800. [Full Text]
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A. Chisholm, J. Mann, W. Sutherland, A. Duncan, M. Skeaff, and C. Frampton Effect on lipoprotein profile of replacing butter wit margarine in a low fat diet: randomised crossover study with hypercholesterolaemic subjects BMJ, April 13, 1996; 312(7036): 931 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. M. Beard, R. J. Barnard, D. C. Robbins, J. M. Ordovas, and E. J. Schaefer Effects of Diet and Exercise on Qualitative and Quantitative Measures of LDL and Its Susceptibility to Oxidation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 1996; 16(2): 201 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Bergeron and R. J. Havel Influence of Diets Rich in Saturated and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Postprandial Responses of Apolipoproteins B-48, B-100, E, and Lipids in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1995; 15(12): 2111 - 2121. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. J. Schaefer, A. H. Lichtenstein, S. Lamon-Fava, J. R. McNamara, M. M. Schaefer, H. Rasmussen, and J. M. Ordovas Body Weight and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Changes After Consumption of a Low-Fat Ad Libitum Diet JAMA, November 8, 1995; 274(18): 1450 - 1455. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. R. Miserez and U. Keller Differences in the Phenotypic Characteristics of Subjects With Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 and Familial Hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1995; 15(10): 1719 - 1729. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 J. A. Simon, J. Fong, J. T. Bernert Jr, and W. S. Browner Serum Fatty Acids and the Risk of Stroke Stroke, May 1, 1995; 26(5): 778 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 S. C. Rumsey, N. F. Galeano, B. Lipschitz, and R. J. Deckelbaum Oleate and Other Long Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activity by Enhancing Acyl Coenzyme A:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity and Altering Intracellular Regulatory Cholesterol Pools in Cultured Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 1995; 270(17): 10008 - 10016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. A. Kleinveld, H. L.M. Hak-Lemmers, M. P.C. Hectors, N. J. de Fouw, P. N.M. Demacker, and A. F.H. Stalenhoef Vitamin E and Fatty Acid Intervention Does Not Attenuate the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 1995; 15(2): 290 - 297. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. A. Denke Cholesterol-Lowering Diets: A Review of the Evidence Arch Intern Med, January 9, 1995; 155(1): 17 - 26. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 R. B. Elson, P. L. Splett, R. M. Bostick, D. Aeppli, and M. Haberman Dietitian Practices for Adult Outpatients With Hypercholesterolemia Referred by Physicians: The Minnesota Dietitian Survey Arch Fam Med, December 1, 1994; 3(12): 1073 - 1080. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. M. Posner, L. A. Cupples, D. Gagnon, P. W. F. Wilson, K. Chetwynd, and D. Felix Healthy People 2000: The Rationale and Potential Efficacy of Preventive Nutrition in Heart Disease: The Framingham Offspring-Spouse Study Arch Intern Med, July 12, 1993; 153(13): 1549 - 1556. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. Underbakke and P. McBride Putting the Low-Fat Diet Into Practice Arch Fam Med, July 1, 1993; 2(7): 711 - 713. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. A. Denke, C. T. Sempos, and S. M. Grundy Excess Body Weight: An Underrecognized Contributor to High Blood Cholesterol Levels in White American Men Arch Intern Med, May 10, 1993; 153(9): 1093 - 1103. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. Mietus-Snyder, A. L. Baker, E. J. Neufeld, C. Roberts, S. Dermarkarian, A. S. Beiser, and J. W. Newburger Effects of Nutritional Counseling on Lipoprotein Levels in a Pediatric Lipid Clinic Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 1993; 147(4): 378 - 381. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. R. Cooper, G. L. Myers, S. J. Smith, and R. C. Schlant Blood Lipid Measurements: Variations and Practical Utility JAMA, March 25, 1992; 267(12): 1652 - 1660. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. Grundy Plasma Lipid Lowering in Short-term Life-style Change Arch Intern Med, July 1, 1991; 151(7): 1275 - 1276. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. Dallongeville, E. Bauge, A. Tailleux, J. M. Peters, F. J. Gonzalez, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Is Not Rate-limiting for the Lipoprotein-lowering Action of Fish Oil J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 4634 - 4639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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