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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 31, 1149-1172, Copyright © 1990 by Lipid Research, Inc.


REVIEWS

Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins

SM Grundy and MA Denke
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

Substantial data are available to indicate that the diet influences serum levels of cholesterol and lipoproteins. These data are derived from studies in laboratory animals, from epidemiologic studies, and from human investigations. Most research has focused on effects of diet on serum total cholesterol concentrations. In recent years, however, attention has shifted to individual lipoproteins, i.e., low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Three nutritional factors have been identified that raise serum LDL levels; these are saturated fatty acids, cholesterol itself, and excess caloric intake leading to obesity. The major cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in the diet is palmitic acid. Several nutrients can be substituted for saturated fatty acids to produce a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels. These are polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, and even one saturated fatty acid, stearic acid. The latter appears to be converted rapidly into a monounsaturated fatty acid in the body. Any of these nutrients can be used for replacement of cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids in the diet. However, their relative effects on other metabolic processes remain to be determined fully. At present it appears that carbohydrates and monounsaturated fatty acids represent the preferred replacements for saturated fatty acids, although modest increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid, at the expense of cholesterol-raising saturates, probably are safe and may provide for greater variety in the diet.
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JAMA, November 12, 1997; 278(18): 1509 - 1515.
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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M. Lefevre, H. N. Ginsberg, P. M. Kris-Etherton, P. J. Elmer, P. W. Stewart, A. Ershow, T. A. Pearson, P. S. Roheim, R. Ramakrishnan, J. Derr, et al.
ApoE Genotype Does Not Predict Lipid Response to Changes in Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids in a Heterogeneous Normolipidemic Population
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 1997; 17(11): 2914 - 2923.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Nutr.Home page
C. P. Carter, P. N. Howles, and D. Y. Hui
Genetic Variation in Cholesterol Absorption Efficiency among Inbred Strains of Mice
J. Nutr., July 1, 1997; 127(7): 1344 - 1348.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
A. Ferrara, E. Barrett-Connor, and J. Shan
Total, LDL, and HDL Cholesterol Decrease With Age in Older Men and Women : The Rancho Bernardo Study 1984–1994
Circulation, July 1, 1997; 96(1): 37 - 43.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
S. M. Grundy
Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: The 21st Century
Arch Intern Med, June 9, 1997; 157(11): 1177 - 1184.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
C. A. Hassel, E. A. Mensing, and D. D. Gallaher
Dietary Stearic Acid Reduces Plasma and Hepatic Cholesterol Concentrations without Increasing Bile Acid Excretion in Cholesterol-Fed Hamsters
J. Nutr., June 1, 1997; 127(6): 1148 - 1155.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
I. O. Nuotio, O. T. Raitakari, K. V.K. Porkka, L. Rasanen, T. Moilanen, and J. S.A. Viikari
Associations Between Diet and the Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia Phenotype Expression in Children and Young Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 1997; 17(5): 820 - 825.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. A. Kliewer, S. S. Sundseth, S. A. Jones, P. J. Brown, G. B. Wisely, C. S. Koble, P. Devchand, W. Wahli, T. M. Willson, J. M. Lenhard, et al.
Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha  and gamma
PNAS, April 29, 1997; 94(9): 4318 - 4323.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
H.-H. Cheng and W.-W. Yu
Lipid Metabolism Is Altered by Nebacitin in Rats Fed Cooked-Stored Polished Rice as the Only Dietary Carbohydrate with or without Exogenous Cholesterol
J. Nutr., January 1, 1997; 127(1): 153 - 157.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
P. Mata, R. Alonso, A. Lopez-Farre, J.M. Ordovas, C. Lahoz, C. Garces, C. Caramelo, R. Codoceo, E. Blazquez, and M. de Oya
Effect of Dietary Fat Saturation on LDL Oxidation and Monocyte Adhesion to Human Endothelial Cells In Vitro
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 1996; 16(11): 1347 - 1355.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
R. M. Krauss, R. J. Deckelbaum, N. Ernst, E. Fisher, B. V. Howard, R. H. Knopp, T. Kotchen, A. H. Lichtenstein, H. C. McGill, T. A. Pearson, et al.
Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults: A Statement for Health Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association
Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1795 - 1800.
[Full Text]


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BMJHome page
A. Chisholm, J. Mann, W. Sutherland, A. Duncan, M. Skeaff, and C. Frampton
Effect on lipoprotein profile of replacing butter wit margarine in a low fat diet: randomised crossover study with hypercholesterolaemic subjects
BMJ, April 13, 1996; 312(7036): 931 - 934.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
C. M. Beard, R. J. Barnard, D. C. Robbins, J. M. Ordovas, and E. J. Schaefer
Effects of Diet and Exercise on Qualitative and Quantitative Measures of LDL and Its Susceptibility to Oxidation
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 1996; 16(2): 201 - 207.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
N. Bergeron and R. J. Havel
Influence of Diets Rich in Saturated and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Postprandial Responses of Apolipoproteins B-48, B-100, E, and Lipids in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1995; 15(12): 2111 - 2121.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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JAMAHome page
E. J. Schaefer, A. H. Lichtenstein, S. Lamon-Fava, J. R. McNamara, M. M. Schaefer, H. Rasmussen, and J. M. Ordovas
Body Weight and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Changes After Consumption of a Low-Fat Ad Libitum Diet
JAMA, November 8, 1995; 274(18): 1450 - 1455.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
A. R. Miserez and U. Keller
Differences in the Phenotypic Characteristics of Subjects With Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 and Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1995; 15(10): 1719 - 1729.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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StrokeHome page
J. A. Simon, J. Fong, J. T. Bernert Jr, and W. S. Browner
Serum Fatty Acids and the Risk of Stroke
Stroke, May 1, 1995; 26(5): 778 - 782.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. C. Rumsey, N. F. Galeano, B. Lipschitz, and R. J. Deckelbaum
Oleate and Other Long Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activity by Enhancing Acyl Coenzyme A:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity and Altering Intracellular Regulatory Cholesterol Pools in Cultured Cells
J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 1995; 270(17): 10008 - 10016.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
H. A. Kleinveld, H. L.M. Hak-Lemmers, M. P.C. Hectors, N. J. de Fouw, P. N.M. Demacker, and A. F.H. Stalenhoef
Vitamin E and Fatty Acid Intervention Does Not Attenuate the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 1995; 15(2): 290 - 297.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
M. A. Denke
Cholesterol-Lowering Diets: A Review of the Evidence
Arch Intern Med, January 9, 1995; 155(1): 17 - 26.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Fam MedHome page
R. B. Elson, P. L. Splett, R. M. Bostick, D. Aeppli, and M. Haberman
Dietitian Practices for Adult Outpatients With Hypercholesterolemia Referred by Physicians: The Minnesota Dietitian Survey
Arch Fam Med, December 1, 1994; 3(12): 1073 - 1080.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
B. M. Posner, L. A. Cupples, D. Gagnon, P. W. F. Wilson, K. Chetwynd, and D. Felix
Healthy People 2000: The Rationale and Potential Efficacy of Preventive Nutrition in Heart Disease: The Framingham Offspring-Spouse Study
Arch Intern Med, July 12, 1993; 153(13): 1549 - 1556.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Fam MedHome page
G. Underbakke and P. McBride
Putting the Low-Fat Diet Into Practice
Arch Fam Med, July 1, 1993; 2(7): 711 - 713.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
M. A. Denke, C. T. Sempos, and S. M. Grundy
Excess Body Weight: An Underrecognized Contributor to High Blood Cholesterol Levels in White American Men
Arch Intern Med, May 10, 1993; 153(9): 1093 - 1103.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
M. Mietus-Snyder, A. L. Baker, E. J. Neufeld, C. Roberts, S. Dermarkarian, A. S. Beiser, and J. W. Newburger
Effects of Nutritional Counseling on Lipoprotein Levels in a Pediatric Lipid Clinic
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 1993; 147(4): 378 - 381.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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JAMAHome page
G. R. Cooper, G. L. Myers, S. J. Smith, and R. C. Schlant
Blood Lipid Measurements: Variations and Practical Utility
JAMA, March 25, 1992; 267(12): 1652 - 1660.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
S. M. Grundy
Plasma Lipid Lowering in Short-term Life-style Change
Arch Intern Med, July 1, 1991; 151(7): 1275 - 1276.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Dallongeville, E. Bauge, A. Tailleux, J. M. Peters, F. J. Gonzalez, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Is Not Rate-limiting for the Lipoprotein-lowering Action of Fish Oil
J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 4634 - 4639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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