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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 33, 399-410, Copyright © 1992 by Lipid Research, Inc.
PL Zock and MB Katan
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of linoleic acid
(cis,cis-C18:2(n-6)) and its hydrogenation products elaidic (trans-
C18:1(n-9)) and stearic acid (C18:0) on serum lipoprotein levels in humans.
Twenty-six men and 30 women, all normolipemic and apparently healthy,
completed the trial. Three experimental diets were supplied to every
subject for 3 weeks each, in random order (multiple cross-over). The
Linoleate-diet provided 12.0% of total energy intake as linoleic acid, 2.8%
as stearic acid, and 0.1% as trans fatty acids. The Stearate- diet supplied
3.9 energy % as linoleic acid, 11.8% stearic acid, and 0.3% trans fatty
acids. The Trans-diet provided 3.8 energy % as linoleic acid, 3.0% stearic
acid, and 7.7% as monounsaturated trans fatty acids, largely elaidic acid
(trans-C18:1(n-9)). Other nutrients were constant. Fasting blood was
sampled at the end of each dietary period. Mean (+/- SD) serum LDL
cholesterol was 109 +/- 24 mg/dl (2.83 +/- 0.63 mmol/l) on the
Linoleate-diet. It rose to 116 +/- 27 mg/dl (3.00 +/- 0.71 mmol/l) on the
Stearate-diet (change, 7 mg/dl or 0.17 mmol/l, P = 0.0008) and to 119 +/-
25 mg/dl (3.07 +/- 0.65 mmol/l) on the Trans-diet (change, 9 mg/dl or 0.24
mmol/l, P less than 0.0001). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
decreased by 2 mg/dl (0.06 mmol/l, P less than 0.0001) on the Stearate-diet
and by 4 mg/dl (0.10 mmol/l, P less than 0.0001) on the Trans-diet, both
relative to linoleic acid. Our findings show that 7.7% of energy (mean, 24
g/day) of trans fatty acids in the diet significantly lowered HDL
cholesterol and raised LDL cholesterol relative to linoleic acid.
Combination with earlier results (Mensink, R. P., and M. B. Katan. 1990. N.
Engl. J. Med. 323: 439-445) suggests a linear dose-response relation.
Replacement of linoleic acid by stearic acid also caused somewhat lower HDL
cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol levels. Hydrogenation of linoleic
acid to either stearic or trans fatty acids produces fatty acids that may
increase LDL and decrease HDL cholesterol relative to linoleic acid itself.
ARTICLES
Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fatty acids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins in humans
Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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