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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 36, 2394-2404, Copyright © 1995 by Lipid Research, Inc.
ML Fernandez
Pectin (PE), guar gum (GG), and psyllium (PSY) lower plasma low density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in guinea pigs with different
orders of magnitude by inducing defined alterations in hepatic cholesterol
homeostasis (Fernandez et al. 1994. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 869-879; 61:
127-134 and 1995. J. Lipid Res. 36: 1128-1138). To further explore specific
mechanisms responsible for the differences in plasma and hepatic
cholesterol lowering, the effects of these fibers were evaluated on
cholesterol absorption, hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha- hydroxylase activity,
the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, and in vivo LDL transport
to target specific primary and secondary mechanisms accounting for the
observed responses. Fibers were fed with physiological (0.04%), low
cholesterol (LC), or pharmacological high cholesterol (HC) (0.25%) levels
to assess whether cholesterol intake influences plasma LDL lowering
mechanisms. Intake of PE, GG, or PSY with LC or HC diets lowered plasma and
hepatic cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001). PE and PSY up-regulated
7 alpha-hydroxylase activity 3-fold with LC and PE by 5-fold with HC diets.
In contrast, GG intake had no effect on 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity.
Cholesterol absorption was reduced 30% by PE intake while no differences
were found between control and PSY groups. GG reduced cholesterol
absorption only with HC diets. Intake of PE, GG, or PSY with HC diets
resulted in faster plasma LDL fractional catabolic rates (FCR) (P <
0.01) with no effect on LDL apoB flux rates (FR) or pool size, suggesting
that fiber reduced LDL cholesterol concentration without decreasing the
number of LDL particles. In addition to reducing LDL apoB FR, PE and PSY
increased LDL FCR with HC diets while GG effects were limited to lowering
LDL apoB FR. These results indicate that the distinctive reductions in
hepatic cholesterol induced by PE, GG, and PSY associated with plasma
cholesterol lowering result from different mechanisms specific to each
fiber and that the levels of dietary cholesterol contribute to the
different metabolic responses.
ARTICLES
Distinct mechanisms of plasma LDL lowering by dietary fiber in the guinea pig: specific effects of pectin, guar gum, and psyllium
Department of Nutritional Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.
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