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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 36, 1128-1138, Copyright © 1995 by Lipid Research, Inc.
ML Fernandez, LR Ruiz, AK Conde, DM Sun, SK Erickson and DJ McNamara
Male Hartley guinea pigs were fed semipurified diets containing various
levels of psyllium and cholesterol to determine mechanisms by which
psyllium lowers plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations. Four
diets were tested: control diets with 12.5% (w/w) cellulose, and psyllium
diets in which cellulose was partially replaced with 7.5% (w/w) psyllium.
Two levels of dietary cholesterol were used, either low (LC, 0.04%, w/w) or
high (HC, 0.25%, w/w). Plasma LDL was reduced by 30 and 54% with psyllium
intake in the LC and HC groups, respectively (P < 0.001), while plasma
very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was lowered only in the HC group (P
< 0.001). Psyllium intake modified LDL composition and size compared to
LDL from control animals with a lower proportion of cholesteryl ester and
higher proportion of triacylglycerol, lower molecular weight, smaller
diameter, and higher peak density (P < 0.001). Plasma VLDL from animals
fed the psyllium-HC diet compared to the control-HC contained lower
relative proportions of free and esterified cholesterol and a higher
proportion of triacylglycerol, compositional characteristics similar to
VLDL from animals fed LC diets. Hepatic free and esterified cholesterol
concentrations were significantly reduced by psyllium an average of 25 and
55%, respectively, while hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was increased
in both psyllium groups compared to the respective controls (P < 0.001).
In addition, psyllium intake reduced hepatic acyl- CoA:cholesterol
acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in both the LC and HC groups (P < 0.001)
and increased hepatic membrane apoB/E receptor number (Bmax) by 17 and 52%
for animals fed LC and HC diets, respectively (P < 0.005). Significant
psyllium-induced increases in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase of 4- and
1.6-fold were also observed in animals fed the LC and HC diets respectively
(P < 0.001). These results indicate that psyllium generates a negative
cholesterol balance across the liver which results in induction of
cholesterol 7 alpha- hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase and suppression of
ACAT activities, upregulation of apoB/E receptors, and secretion of smaller
VLDL particles, metabolic alterations that contribute to a lowering of
plasma LDL cholesterol levels.
ARTICLES
Psyllium reduces plasma LDL in guinea pigs by altering hepatic cholesterol homeostasis
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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