Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression

HOME

HELP

FEEDBACK

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression

K Schoonjans, B Staels and J Auwerx
U.325 INSERM, Department d'Atherosclerose, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France.

The three types of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), termed alpha, delta (or beta), and gamma, belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Although peroxisome proliferators, including fibrates and fatty acids, activate the transcriptional activity of these receptors, only prostaglandin J2 derivatives have been identified as natural ligands of the PPAR gamma subtype that also binds thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents with high affinity. PPARs heterodimerize with retinoic X receptor (RXR) and alter the transcription of target genes after binding to response elements or PPREs, consisting of a direct repeat of the nuclear receptor hexameric DNA recognition motif (PuGGTCA) spaced by 1 nucleotide (DR-1). Upon activation by fatty acids (FAs) and drugs that affect lipid metabolism, PPARs control the expression of genes implicated in intra- and extracellular lipid metabolism, most notably those involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. PPARs partially mediate the inductive effects of fibrates and fatty acids on high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by regulating the transcription of the major HDL apolipoproteins, apoA-I and apoA-II. The hypotriglyceridemic action of fibrates and certain fatty acids also involves PPAR and is constituted of: 1) increased hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides due to induction of LPL and reduction of apoC-III expression; 2) stimulation of cellular fatty acid uptake and conversion to acyl-CoA derivatives due to increased expression of genes for fatty acid transport protein and acyl- CoA synthetase; 3) increased peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta- oxidation; and 4) decreased synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides and decreased production of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Hence, both enhanced catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles and reduced secretion of VLDL particles contribute to the hypolipidemic effect of fibrates and fatty acids. Finally, PPARs appear to be involved in differentiation processes because activation of PPAR gamma 2 triggers adipocyte differentiation and stimulates expression of several genes critical to adipogenesis. It is suggested that PPARs are key messengers responsible for the translation of nutritional and pharmacological stimuli into changes in gene expression and differentiation pathways.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike Add to Complore Complore Add to Connotea Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us Add to Digg Digg Add to Reddit Reddit Add to Technorati Technorati What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

J. Sanchez, A. Palou, and C. Pico
Response to Carbohydrate and Fat Refeeding in the Expression of Genes Involved in Nutrient Partitioning and Metabolism: Striking Effects on Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Induction
Endocrinology, December 1, 2009; 150(12): 5341 - 5350.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. M. Rahman, I. Qadri, R. C. Janssen, and J. E. Friedman
Fenofibrate and PBA prevent fatty acid-induced loss of adiponectin receptor and pAMPK in human hepatoma cells and in hepatitis C virus-induced steatosis
J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2009; 50(11): 2193 - 2202.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Yamazaki, I. Usui, Y. Kanatani, Y. Matsuya, K. Tsuneyama, S. Fujisaka, A. Bukhari, H. Suzuki, S. Senda, S. Imanishi, et al.
Treatment with SRT1720, a SIRT1 activator, ameliorates fatty liver with reduced expression of lipogenic enzymes in MSG mice
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2009; 297(5): E1179 - E1186.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Qi, X. Chen, J. Holian, C. Y.R. Tan, D. J. Kelly, and C. A. Pollock
Transcription Factors Kruppel-Like Factor 6 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Mediate High Glucose-Induced Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein
Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2009; 175(5): 1858 - 1867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Hue and H. Taegtmeyer
The Randle cycle revisited: a new head for an old hat
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2009; 297(3): E578 - E591.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Wang and R. H. Eckel
Lipoprotein lipase: from gene to obesity
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2009; 297(2): E271 - E288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. A. Gyamfi and Y.-J. Y. Wan
Mechanisms of Resistance of Hepatocyte Retinoid X Receptor {alpha}-Null Mice to WY-14,643-induced Hepatocyte Proliferation and Cholestasis
J. Biol. Chem., April 3, 2009; 284(14): 9321 - 9330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G Magee and P C Sharpe
Paradoxical decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with fenofibrate: a quite common phenomenon
J. Clin. Pathol., March 1, 2009; 62(3): 250 - 253.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. I. Lefterova, Y. Zhang, D. J. Steger, M. Schupp, J. Schug, A. Cristancho, D. Feng, D. Zhuo, C. J. Stoeckert Jr., X. S. Liu, et al.
PPAR{gamma} and C/EBP factors orchestrate adipocyte biology via adjacent binding on a genome-wide scale
Genes & Dev., November 1, 2008; 22(21): 2941 - 2952.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. R. Feingold, Y. Wang, A. Moser, J. K. Shigenaga, and C. Grunfeld
LPS decreases fatty acid oxidation and nuclear hormone receptors in the kidney
J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2008; 49(10): 2179 - 2187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Lukovac, E. L. Los, F. Stellaard, E. H. H. M. Rings, and H. J. Verkade
Essential fatty acid deficiency in mice impairs lactose digestion
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): G605 - G613.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. Capobianco, V. White, R. Higa, N. Martinez, and A. Jawerbaum
Effects of natural ligands of PPAR{gamma} on lipid metabolism in placental tissues from healthy and diabetic rats
Mol. Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2008; 14(8): 491 - 499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Koch, B. Konig, G. I. Stangl, and K. Eder
PPAR{alpha} Mediates Transcriptional Upregulation of Novel Organic Cation Transporters-2 and -3 and Enzymes Involved in Hepatic Carnitine Synthesis
Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2008; 233(3): 356 - 365.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Zhou, R. Wu, W. Dong, A. Jacob, and P. Wang
Endotoxin downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} via the increase in TNF-{alpha} release
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): R84 - R92.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Mori, H. Kondo, T. Hase, I. Tokimitsu, and T. Murase
Dietary Fish Oil Upregulates Intestinal Lipid Metabolism and Reduces Body Weight Gain in C57BL/6J Mice
J. Nutr., December 1, 2007; 137(12): 2629 - 2634.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. R. Waites, M. A. Dominick, T. P. Sanderson, and B. E. Schilling
Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Muraglitazar, a Novel PPAR{alpha}/{gamma} Agonist
Toxicol. Sci., November 1, 2007; 100(1): 248 - 258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Qin, T. Liu, V. S. Kamanna, and M. L. Kashyap
Pioglitazone Stimulates Apolipoprotein A-I Production Without Affecting HDL Removal in HepG2 Cells: Involvement of PPAR-{alpha}
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2428 - 2434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. G. Dietrich, I. V. Martin, A. C. Porn, S. Voigt, C. Gartung, C. Trautwein, and A. Geier
Fasting induces basolateral uptake transporters of the SLC family in the liver via HNF4{alpha} and PGC1{alpha}
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): G585 - G590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. B. Rozema, D. L. Lewis, D. H. Wakefield, S. C. Wong, J. J. Klein, P. L. Roesch, S. L. Bertin, T. W. Reppen, Q. Chu, A. V. Blokhin, et al.
Dynamic PolyConjugates for targeted in vivo delivery of siRNA to hepatocytes
PNAS, August 7, 2007; 104(32): 12982 - 12987.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Ludtke, J. Buettner, W. Wu, A. Muchir, A. Schroeter, S. Zinn-Justin, S. Spuler, H. H.-J. Schmidt, and H. J. Worman
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} C190S Mutation Causes Partial Lipodystrophy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2007; 92(6): 2248 - 2255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C.-Q. Lai, D. K. Arnett, D. Corella, R. J. Straka, M. Y. Tsai, J. M. Peacock, X. Adiconis, L. D. Parnell, J. E. Hixson, M. A. Province, et al.
Fenofibrate Effect on Triglyceride and Postprandial Response of Apolipoprotein A5 Variants: The GOLDN Study
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1417 - 1425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Nishimura, Y. Dewa, M. Muguruma, Y. Kuroiwa, H. Yasuno, T. Shima, M. Jin, M. Takahashi, T. Umemura, and K. Mitsumori
Effect of Fenofibrate on Oxidative DNA Damage and on Gene Expression Related to Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Rats
Toxicol. Sci., May 1, 2007; 97(1): 44 - 54.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. Sheikh, G. Camejo, B. Lanne, T. Halvarsson, M. R. Landergren, and N. D. Oakes
Beyond lipids, pharmacological PPAR{alpha} activation has important effects on amino acid metabolism as studied in the rat
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2007; 292(4): E1157 - E1165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Kamijo-Ikemori, T. Sugaya, A. Obama, J. Hiroi, H. Miura, M. Watanabe, T. Kumai, R. Ohtani-Kaneko, K. Hirata, and K. Kimura
Liver-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Attenuates Renal Injury Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2006; 169(4): 1107 - 1117.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. N. C. Gropp, D. L. Greger, C. Morel, S. Sauter, and J. W. Blum
Nuclear receptor and nuclear receptor target gene messenger ribonucleic acid levels at different sites of the gastrointestinal tract and in liver of healthy dogs
J Anim Sci, October 1, 2006; 84(10): 2684 - 2691.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. T. De Souza, X. Dai, A. G. Spencer, T. Reppen, A. Menzie, P. L. Roesch, Y. He, M. J. Caguyong, S. Bloomer, H. Herweijer, et al.
Transcriptional and phenotypic comparisons of Ppara knockout and siRNA knockdown mice
Nucleic Acids Res., September 11, 2006; 34(16): 4486 - 4494.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. G. Mashek, L. O. Li, and R. A. Coleman
Rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA, protein, and activity vary in tissue distribution and in response to diet
J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 2004 - 2010.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Knauf, J. Rieusset, M. Foretz, P. D. Cani, M. Uldry, M. Hosokawa, E. Martinez, M. Bringart, A. Waget, S. Kersten, et al.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha}-Null Mice Have Increased White Adipose Tissue Glucose Utilization, GLUT4, and Fat Mass: Role in Liver and Brain
Endocrinology, September 1, 2006; 147(9): 4067 - 4078.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Schaffler, U. Muller-Ladner, J. Scholmerich, and C. Buchler
Role of Adipose Tissue as an Inflammatory Organ in Human Diseases
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2006; 27(5): 449 - 467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. T. De Souza, P. D. Cornwell, X. Dai, M. J. Caguyong, and R. G. Ulrich
Agonists of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Induce a Fiber-Type-Selective Transcriptional Response in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Toxicol. Sci., August 1, 2006; 92(2): 578 - 586.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. R. Sweeney, A. H. Moser, J. K. Shigenaga, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold
Decreased nuclear hormone receptor expression in the livers of mice in late pregnancy
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1313 - E1320.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. P. Glauert, A. Eyigor, J. C. Tharappel, S. Cooper, E. Y. Lee, and B. T. Spear
Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by the Deletion of the p50 Subunit of NF-{kappa}B in Mice Administered the Peroxisome Proliferator Wy-14,643
Toxicol. Sci., April 1, 2006; 90(2): 331 - 336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Hashimoto, N. Shimizu, T. Kimura, Y. Takahashi, and T. Ide
Polyunsaturated Fats Attenuate the Dietary Phytol-Induced Increase in Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in Mice
J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 882 - 886.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T Suzuki, S Hayashi, Y Miki, Y Nakamura, T Moriya, A Sugawara, T Ishida, N Ohuchi, and H Sasano
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} in human breast carcinoma: a modulator of estrogenic actions.
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2006; 13(1): 233 - 250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. P. Gray, J. W. Davis II, L. Gopinathan, T. L. Leas, C. A. Nugent, and J. P. Vanden Heuvel
The Ribosomal Protein rpL11 Associates with and Inhibits the Transcriptional Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha}
Toxicol. Sci., February 1, 2006; 89(2): 535 - 546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. Blaschke, Y. Takata, E. Caglayan, R. E. Law, and W. A. Hsueh
Obesity, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor, and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2006; 26(1): 28 - 40.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. Benkirane, E. C. Viel, F. Amiri, and E. L. Schiffrin
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Regulates Angiotensin II-Stimulated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Blood Vessels In Vivo
Hypertension, January 1, 2006; 47(1): 102 - 108.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. J. Jiang, P. Kim, P. M. Elias, and K. R. Feingold
LXR and PPAR activators stimulate cholesterol sulfotransferase type 2 isoform 1b in human keratinocytes
J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 2657 - 2666.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. L. Fernandez and K. L. West
Mechanisms by which Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Plasma Lipids1
J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2075 - 2078.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Gnerre, G. U. Schuster, A. Roth, C. Handschin, L. Johansson, R. Looser, P. Parini, M. Podvinec, K. Robertsson, J.-A. Gustafsson, et al.
LXR deficiency and cholesterol feeding affect the expression and phenobarbital-mediated induction of cytochromes P450 in mouse liver
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1633 - 1642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M.-N. Giraud, M. Fluck, C. Zuppinger, and T. M. Suter
Expressional reprogramming of survival pathways in rat cardiocytes by neuregulin-1{beta}
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2005; 99(1): 313 - 322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Natsoulis, L. El Ghaoui, G. R.G. Lanckriet, A. M. Tolley, F. Leroy, S. Dunlea, B. P. Eynon, C. I. Pearson, S. Tugendreich, and K. Jarnagin
Classification of a large microarray data set: Algorithm comparison and analysis of drug signatures
Genome Res., May 1, 2005; 15(5): 724 - 736.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Murase, S. Haramizu, A. Shimotoyodome, A. Nagasawa, and I. Tokimitsu
Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): R708 - R715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. Olivieri, N. Martinelli, M. Sandri, A. Bassi, P. Guarini, E. Trabetti, F. Pizzolo, D. Girelli, S. Friso, P. F. Pignatti, et al.
Apolipoprotein C-III, n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and "Insulin-Resistant" T-455C APOC3 Gene Polymorphism in Heart Disease Patients: Example of Gene-Diet Interaction
Clin. Chem., February 1, 2005; 51(2): 360 - 367.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Knouff and J. Auwerx
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Calls for Activation in Moderation: Lessons from Genetics and Pharmacology
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2004; 25(6): 899 - 918.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. T. Villareal and J. O. Holloszy
Effect of DHEA on Abdominal Fat and Insulin Action in Elderly Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA, November 10, 2004; 292(18): 2243 - 2248.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. V. Petit, C. Germiquet, and D. Lebel
Effect of Feeding Whole, Unprocessed Sunflower Seeds and Flaxseed on Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Prostaglandin Secretion in Dairy Cows
J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2004; 87(11): 3889 - 3898.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. Brunmair, A. Lest, K. Staniek, F. Gras, N. Scharf, M. Roden, H. Nohl, W. Waldhausl, and C. Furnsinn
Fenofibrate Impairs Rat Mitochondrial Function by Inhibition of Respiratory Complex I
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2004; 311(1): 109 - 114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Baldan, J. Relat, P. F. Marrero, and D. Haro
Functional interaction between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-{alpha} and Mef-2C on human carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1{beta} (CPT1{beta}) gene activation
Nucleic Acids Res., September 8, 2004; 32(16): 4742 - 4749.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Sharma, A. Pradeep, L. Wong, A. Rana, and B. Rana
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {gamma} Activation Can Regulate {beta}-Catenin Levels via a Proteasome-mediated and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli-independent Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., August 20, 2004; 279(34): 35583 - 35594.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Khovidhunkit, M.-S. Kim, R. A. Memon, J. K. Shigenaga, A. H. Moser, K. R. Feingold, and C. Grunfeld
Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism mechanisms and consequences to the host
J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 1169 - 1196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Sharma, A. Pradeep, R. G. Pestell, and B. Rana
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {gamma} Activation Modulates Cyclin D1 Transcription via {beta}-Catenin-independent and cAMP-response Element-binding Protein-dependent Pathways in Mouse Hepatocytes
J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 16927 - 16938.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. S. Tai, D. Corella, M. Deurenberg-Yap, X. Adiconis, S. K. Chew, C. E. Tan, and J. M. Ordovas
Differential effects of the C1431T and Pro12Ala PPAR{gamma} gene variants on plasma lipids and diabetes risk in an Asian population
J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2004; 45(4): 674 - 685.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Zhang, J. J. Repa, Y. Inoue, G. P. Hayhurst, F. J. Gonzalez, and D. J. Mangelsdorf
Identification of a Liver-Specific Uridine Phosphorylase that Is Regulated by Multiple Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2004; 18(4): 851 - 862.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Q. Guo, S. P. Sahoo, P.-R. Wang, D. P. Milot, M. C. Ippolito, M. S. Wu, J. Baffic, C. Biswas, M. Hernandez, M.-H. Lam, et al.
A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha}/{gamma} Dual Agonist Demonstrates Favorable Effects on Lipid Homeostasis
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1640 - 1648.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Ramaswamy, M. A. Karim, K. G. Murti, and S. Jackowski
PPAR{alpha} controls the intracellular coenzyme A concentration via regulation of PANK1{alpha} gene expression
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2004; 45(1): 17 - 31.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Bilz, S. Wagner, M. Schmitz, A. Bedynek, U. Keller, and T. Demant
Effects of atorvastatin versus fenofibrate on apoB-100 and apoA-I kinetics in mixed hyperlipidemia
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2004; 45(1): 174 - 185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. L. Knight, D. D. Patel, S. M. Humphreys, D. Wiggins, and G. F. Gibbons
Inhibition of cholesterol absorption associated with a PPAR{alpha}-dependent increase in ABC binding cassette transporter A1 in mice
J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2003; 44(11): 2049 - 2058.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. OSTERUD and E. BJORKLID
Role of Monocytes in Atherogenesis
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1069 - 1112.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. C. Tharappel, A. Nalca, A. B. Owens, L. Ghabrial, E. C. Konz, H. P. Glauert, and B. T. Spear
Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Are Altered in Mice Deficient in the NF-{kappa}B p50 Subunit after Treatment with the Peroxisome Proliferator Ciprofibrate
Toxicol. Sci., October 1, 2003; 75(2): 300 - 308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Vecchini, V. Ceccarelli, P. Orvietani, P. Caligiana, F. Susta, L. Binaglia, G. Nocentini, C. Riccardi, and P. Di Nardo
Enhanced expression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in an animal model of sedentariness
J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2003; 44(4): 696 - 704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Gauthier, G. Vassiliou, F. Benoist, and R. McPherson
Adipocyte Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein Gene Expression and Function Is Regulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma
J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2003; 278(14): 11945 - 11953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

X. Z. Ruan, J. F. Moorhead, R. Fernando, D. C. Wheeler, S. H. Powis, and Z. Varghese
PPAR Agonists Protect Mesangial Cells from Interleukin 1{beta}-Induced Intracellular Lipid Accumulation by Activating the ABCA1 Cholesterol Efflux Pathway
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2003; 14(3): 593 - 600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Jalouli, L. Carlsson, C. Ameen, D. Linden, A. Ljungberg, L. Michalik, S. Eden, W. Wahli, and J. Oscarsson
Sex Difference in Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Expression: Influence of Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 101 - 109.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. Berge, K. J. Tronstad, P. Bohov, L. Madsen, and R. K. Berge
Impact of mitochondrial {beta}-oxidation in fatty acid-mediated inhibition of glioma cell proliferation
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2003; 44(1): 118 - 127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. P. Koeffler
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {gamma} and Cancers
Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 9(1): 1 - 9.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

References
Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421.
[Full Text]

M. Naruszewicz, M.-L. Johansson, D. Zapolska-Downar, and H. Bukowska
Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1249 - 1255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. Forcheron, A. Cachefo, S. Thevenon, C. Pinteur, and M. Beylot
Mechanisms of the Triglyceride- and Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Fenofibrate in Hyperlipidemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Diabetes, December 1, 2002; 51(12): 3486 - 3491.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Murase, A. Nagasawa, J. Suzuki, T. Wakisaka, T. Hase, and I. Tokimitsu
Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid-Rich Diacylglycerols Reduce Body Weight Gain Accompanying the Stimulation of Intestinal {beta}-Oxidation and Related Gene Expressions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db Mice
J. Nutr., October 1, 2002; 132(10): 3018 - 3022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Blanquart, O. Barbier, J.-C. Fruchart, B. Staels, and C. Glineur
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha (PPARalpha ) Turnover by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Controls the Ligand-induced Expression Level of Its Target Genes
J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 2002; 277(40): 37254 - 37259.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Jung, M. Fried, and G. A. Kullak-Ublick
Human Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Salt Transporter Gene (SLC10A2) Is Regulated by the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha
J. Biol. Chem., August 16, 2002; 277(34): 30559 - 30566.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Huang, O. Starodub, A. McIntosh, A. B. Kier, and F. Schroeder
Liver Fatty Acid-binding Protein Targets Fatty Acids to the Nucleus. REAL TIME CONFOCAL AND MULTIPHOTON FLUORESCENCE IMAGING IN LIVING CELLS
J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 29139 - 29151.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Y. L. Chiang
Bile Acid Regulation of Gene Expression: Roles of Nuclear Hormone Receptors
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2002; 23(4): 443 - 463.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Murase, M. Aoki, T. Wakisaka, T. Hase, and I. Tokimitsu
Anti-obesity effect of dietary diacylglycerol in C57BL/6J mice: dietary diacylglycerol stimulates intestinal lipid metabolism
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2002; 43(8): 1312 - 1319.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Shmeeda, P. Kaspler, J. Shleyer, R. Honen, M. Horowitz, and Y. Barenholz
Heat acclimation in rats: modulation via lipid polyunsaturation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): R389 - R399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Schrauwen and M. Hesselink
UCP2 and UCP3 in muscle controlling body metabolism
J. Exp. Biol., August 1, 2002; 205(15): 2275 - 2285.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Linden, K. Lindberg, J. Oscarsson, C. Claesson, L. Asp, L. Li, M. Gustafsson, J. Boren, and S.-O. Olofsson
Influence of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Agonists on the Intracellular Turnover and Secretion of Apolipoprotein (Apo) B-100 and ApoB-48
J. Biol. Chem., June 14, 2002; 277(25): 23044 - 23053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. K. Hamadeh, P. R. Bushel, S. Jayadev, K. Martin, O. DiSorbo, S. Sieber, L. Bennett, R. Tennant, R. Stoll, J. C. Barrett, et al.
Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Chemical-Specific Profiles
Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2002; 67(2): 219 - 231.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K Yamakawa-Kobayashi, H Ishiguro, T Arinami, R Miyazaki, and H Hamaguchi
A Val227Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor {alpha} (PPAR{alpha}) gene is associated with variations in serum lipid levels
J. Med. Genet., March 1, 2002; 39(3): 189 - 191.
[Full Text]

U. Smith
Thiazolidinedione-induced effects beyond glycaemic control
The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2002; 2(1_suppl): S24 - S27.
[Abstract] [PDF]

P.-M. Chao, C.-Y. Chao, F.-J. Lin, and C.-j. Huang
Oxidized Frying Oil Up-Regulates Hepatic Acyl-CoA Oxidase and Cytochrome P450 4 A1 Genes in Rats and Activates PPAR{alpha}
J. Nutr., December 1, 2001; 131(12): 3166 - 3174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Zhang, W. Chen, S. M. Smith, and J. L. Napoli
Molecular Characterization of a Mouse Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Active with All-trans-retinol in Intact Cells, mRDH1
J. Biol. Chem., November 16, 2001; 276(47): 44083 - 44090.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Linden, M. Alsterholm, H. Wennbo, and J. Oscarsson
PPAR{alpha} deficiency increases secretion and serum levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins
J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2001; 42(11): 1831 - 1840.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. M. Post, H. Duez, P. P. Gervois, B. Staels, F. Kuipers, and H. M.G. Princen
Fibrates Suppress Bile Acid Synthesis via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha}-Mediated Downregulation of Cholesterol 7{alpha}-Hydroxylase and Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Expression
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2001; 21(11): 1840 - 1845.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

X. X. Yu, J. Odle, and J. K. Drackley
Differential induction of peroxisomal beta -oxidation enzymes by clofibric acid and aspirin in piglet tissues
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): R1553 - R1561.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. S. Harmon, C. E. Gleason, Y. Tanaka, V. Poitout, and R. P. Robertson
Antecedent Hyperglycemia, Not Hyperlipidemia, Is Associated With Increased Islet Triacylglycerol Content and Decreased Insulin Gene mRNA Level in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Diabetes, November 1, 2001; 50(11): 2481 - 2486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Asai and T. Miyazawa
Dietary Curcuminoids Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Rat Liver and Epididymal Adipose Tissue
J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 2932 - 2935.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. I. Trickett, D. D. Patel, B. L. Knight, E. D. Saggerson, G. F. Gibbons, and R. J. Pease
Characterization of the Rodent Genes for Arylacetamide Deacetylase, a Putative Microsomal Lipase, and Evidence for Transcriptional Regulation
J. Biol. Chem., October 19, 2001; 276(43): 39522 - 39532.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Umeda, Y. Kako, K. Mizutani, Y. Iikura, M. Kawamura, M. Seishima, and H. Hayashi
Inhibitory action of gemfibrozil on cholesterol absorption in rat intestine
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2001; 42(8): 1214 - 1219.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. J. Jiang, G. M. Hatch, D. Mymin, T. Dembinski, E. A. Kroeger, and P. C. Choy
Modulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by PPAR activators in human preadipocytes
J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2001; 42(5): 716 - 724.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Y. Miyazaki, A. Mahankali, M. Matsuda, L. Glass, S. Mahankali, E. Ferrannini, K. Cusi, L. J. Mandarino, and R. A. DeFronzo
Improved Glycemic Control and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Treated With Pioglitazone
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2001; 24(4): 710 - 719.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. D. Patel, B. L. Knight, D. Wiggins, S. M. Humphreys, and G. F. Gibbons
Disturbances in the normal regulation of SREBP-sensitive genes in PPAR{{alpha}}-deficient mice
J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2001; 42(3): 328 - 337.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

T. Murase, T. Mizuno, T. Omachi, K. Onizawa, Y. Komine, H. Kondo, T. Hase, and I. Tokimitsu
Dietary diacylglycerol suppresses high fat and high sucrose diet-induced body fat accumulation in C57BL/6J mice
J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2001; 42(3): 372 - 378.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

P. Imbeault, H. Vidal, A. Tremblay, N. Vega, A. Nadeau, J.-P. Després, and P. Mauriège
Age-Related Differences in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Key Proteins Involved in Adipose Cell Differentiation and Metabolism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 828 - 833.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

C. Bernard, A. Sutter, C. Vinson, C. Ratineau, J.-A. Chayvialle, and M. Cordier-Bussat
Peptones Stimulate Intestinal Cholecystokinin Gene Transcription via Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Factors
Endocrinology, February 1, 2001; 142(2): 721 - 729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Tang and A. McLachlan
Transcriptional regulation of hepatitis B virus by nuclear hormone receptors is a critical determinant of viral tropism
PNAS, February 1, 2001; (2001) 41479698.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. M. Kurtz, L. Tian, B. A. Gower, T. R. Nagy, C. A. Pinkert, and P. A. Wood
Transgenic studies of fatty acid oxidation gene expression in nonobese diabetic mice
J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2000; 41(12): 2063 - 2070.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

K. Kasai, N. Banba, A. Hishinuma, M. Matsumura, H. Kakishita, M. Matsumura, S. Motohashi, N. Sato, and Y. Hattori
15-Deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 facilitates thyroglobulin production by cultured human thyrocytes
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): C1859 - C1869.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

REVIEWS

Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression