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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol 38, 1503-1521, Copyright © 1997 by Lipid Research, Inc.
CJ Fielding and PE Fielding
Recent data on the roles of vesicle- and 'raft'-mediated pathways in
intracellular free cholesterol (FC) transport are reviewed. Cholesterol
internalized from plasma lipoproteins is transferred via endocytic vesicles
to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), consistent with prior data indicating a
key role for this organelle in protein and lipid sorting and transport.
Newly synthesized and lipoprotein-derived FC are returned to the cell
surface by a common raft-dependent pathway. Intracellular FC transport
promotes the delivery of GPI-anchored proteins to the cell surface; it is
also an additional mechanism to regulate cell FC content. Many peripheral
cells express caveolin, an FC- binding protein localized to plasma membrane
caveolae. FC delivery to cell surface caveolae is accelerated by caveolin.
Caveolar FC becomes targeted to small, lipid-poor (prebeta-) high density
lipoprotein particles. Caveolin may protect quiescent cells, regulating FC
efflux more efficiently in response to changing medium lipoprotein
concentrations. Overall, these recent findings suggest that cell FC content
can be regulated at the levels of both influx and efflux, and indicate key
roles for the TGN and in cells expressing caveolin, cell- surface caveolae.
REVIEWS
Intracellular cholesterol transport
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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X. Gu, B. Trigatti, S. Xu, S. Acton, J. Babitt, and M. Krieger The Efficient Cellular Uptake of High Density Lipoprotein Lipids via Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I Requires Not Only Receptor-mediated Surface Binding but Also Receptor-specific Lipid Transfer Mediated by Its Extracellular Domain J. Biol. Chem., October 9, 1998; 273(41): 26338 - 26348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Gillotte, W. S. Davidson, S. Lund-Katz, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips Removal of cellular cholesterol by pre-ß-HDL involves plasma membrane microsolubilization J. Lipid Res., October 1, 1998; 39(10): 1918 - 1928. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. Cusinato, W. Habeler, F. Calderazzo, F. Nardi, and A. Bruni Loss of phosphoserine polar group asymmetry and inhibition of cholesterol transport in Jurkat cells treated with cholesterylphosphoserine J. Lipid Res., September 1, 1998; 39(9): 1844 - 1851. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. Zhang, B. Asztalos, P. S. Roheim, and L. Wong Characterization of phospholipids in pre-{alpha} HDL: selective phospholipid efflux with apolipoprotein A-I J. Lipid Res., August 1, 1998; 39(8): 1601 - 1607. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Azhar, A. Nomoto, S. Leers-Sucheta, and E. Reaven Simultaneous induction of an HDL receptor protein (SR-BI) and the selective uptake of HDL-cholesteryl esters in a physiologically relevant steroidogenic cell model J. Lipid Res., August 1, 1998; 39(8): 1616 - 1628. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Bist, P. E. Fielding, and C. J. Fielding Two sterol regulatory element-like sequences mediate up-regulation of caveolin gene transcription in response to low density lipoprotein free cholesterol PNAS, September 30, 1997; 94(20): 10693 - 10698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. P. Henderson, L. Lin, A. Prasad, C. A. Paul, T. Y. Chang, and R. A. Maue Embryonic Striatal Neurons from Niemann-Pick Type C Mice Exhibit Defects in Cholesterol Metabolism and Neurotrophin Responsiveness J. Biol. Chem., June 23, 2000; 275(26): 20179 - 20187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. P. Atshaves, O. Starodub, A. McIntosh, A. Petrescu, J. B. Roths, A. B. Kier, and F. Schroeder Sterol Carrier Protein-2 Alters High Density Lipoprotein-mediated Cholesterol Efflux J. Biol. Chem., November 17, 2000; 275(47): 36852 - 36861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Brown, G. F. Watts, J. R. Burnett, R. T. Dean, and W. Jessup Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Acts on 7-Ketocholesterol in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions and Macrophages in Culture J. Biol. Chem., September 1, 2000; 275(36): 27627 - 27633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Fukasawa, M. Nishijima, H. Itabe, T. Takano, and K. Hanada Reduction of Sphingomyelin Level without Accumulation of Ceramide in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Affects Detergent-resistant Membrane Domains and Enhances Cellular Cholesterol Efflux to Methyl-beta -cyclodextrin J. Biol. Chem., October 27, 2000; 275(44): 34028 - 34034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-O. Parat and P. L. Fox Palmitoylation of Caveolin-1 in Endothelial Cells Is Post-translational but Irreversible J. Biol. Chem., May 4, 2001; 276(19): 15776 - 15782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. E. Karpen, J. T. Bukowski, T. Hughes, J.-P. Gratton, W. C. Sessa, and M. R. Gailani The Sonic Hedgehog Receptor Patched Associates with Caveolin-1 in Cholesterol-rich Microdomains of the Plasma Membrane J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2001; 276(22): 19503 - 19511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Gargalovic and L. Dory Caveolin-1 and Caveolin-2 Expression in Mouse Macrophages. HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN 3-STIMULATED SECRETION AND A LACK OF SIGNIFICANT SUBCELLULAR CO-LOCALIZATION J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 26164 - 26170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Abrami, M. Fivaz, T. Kobayashi, T. Kinoshita, R. G. Parton, and F. G. van der Goot Cross-talk between Caveolae and Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-rich Domains J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(33): 30729 - 30736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Radhakrishnan, T. G. Anderson, and H. M. McConnell Condensed complexes, rafts, and the chemical activity of cholesterol in membranes PNAS, November 7, 2000; 97(23): 12422 - 12427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Li, A. Lewis, S. Brodsky, R. Rieger, C. Iden, and M. S. Goligorsky Homocysteine Induces 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase in Vascular Endothelial Cells: A Mechanism for Development of Atherosclerosis? Circulation, March 5, 2002; 105(9): 1037 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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