| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Original Article |
Correspondence to: Anna W. M. Zomer
Phytanic acid and pristanic acid are branched-chain fatty acids, present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. Here we show that both phytanic acid and pristanic acid activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in a concentration-dependent manner. Activation is observed via the ligand-binding domain of PPAR as well as via a PPAR response element (PPRE). Via the PPRE significant induction is found with both phytanic acid and pristanic acid at concentrations of 3 and 1 µM, respectively. The trans-activation of PPAR
and PPAR
by these two ligands is negligible. Besides PPAR, phytanic acid also trans-activates all three retinoic X receptor subtypes in a concentration-dependent manner. In primary human fibroblasts, deficient in phytanic acid -oxidation, trans-activation through PPAR by phytanic acid is observed. This clearly demonstrates that phytanic acid itself, and not only its metabolite, pristanic acid, is a true physiological ligand for PPAR. Because induction of PPAR occurs at ligand concentrations comparable to the levels found for phytanic acid and pristanic acid in human plasma, these fatty acids should be seen as naturally occurring ligands for PPAR.
These results demonstrate that both pristanic acid and phytanic acid are naturally occurring ligands for PPAR, which are present at physiological concentrations. — Zomer, A. W. M., B. van der Burg, G. A. Jansen, R. J. A. Wanders, B. T. Poll-The, and P. T. van der Saag. Pristanic acid and phytanic acid: naturally occurring ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor . J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1801;–1807.
Supplementary key words: natural ligand, peroxisomal disorder, retinoic X receptor, phytol derivatives
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. A. K. Westin, M. C. Hunt, and S. E. H. Alexson Peroxisomes Contain a Specific Phytanoyl-CoA/Pristanoyl-CoA Thioesterase Acting as a Novel Auxiliary Enzyme in {alpha}- and beta-Oxidation of Methyl-branched Fatty Acids in Mouse J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 26707 - 26716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ashibe, T. Hirai, K. Higashi, K. Sekimizu, and K. Motojima Dual Subcellular Localization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes and a Vital Role in Protecting against Oxidative Stress of Fatty Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Are Achieved by Alternative Splicing J. Biol. Chem., July 13, 2007; 282(28): 20763 - 20773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Gloerich, D. M. van den Brink, J. P. N. Ruiter, N. van Vlies, F. M. Vaz, R. J. A. Wanders, and S. Ferdinandusse Metabolism of phytol to phytanic acid in the mouse, and the role of PPAR{alpha} in its regulation J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2007; 48(1): 77 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Michalik, J. Auwerx, J. P. Berger, V. K. Chatterjee, C. K. Glass, F. J. Gonzalez, P. A. Grimaldi, T. Kadowaki, M. A. Lazar, S. O'Rahilly, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 726 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Germain, P. Chambon, G. Eichele, R. M. Evans, M. A. Lazar, M. Leid, A. R. De Lera, R. Lotan, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and H. Gronemeyer International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X Receptors Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 760 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hashimoto, N. Shimizu, T. Kimura, Y. Takahashi, and T. Ide Polyunsaturated Fats Attenuate the Dietary Phytol-Induced Increase in Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in Mice J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 882 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gloerich, N. van Vlies, G. A. Jansen, S. Denis, J. P. N. Ruiter, M. A. van Werkhoven, M. Duran, F. M. Vaz, R. J. A. Wanders, and S. Ferdinandusse A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in mice both via PPAR{alpha}-dependent and -independent pathways J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2005; 46(4): 716 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Savolainen, T. J. Kotti, W. Schmitz, T. I. Savolainen, R. T. Sormunen, M. Ilves, S. J. Vainio, E. Conzelmann, and J. K. Hiltunen A mouse model for {alpha}-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency: adjustment of bile acid synthesis and intolerance to dietary methyl-branched lipids Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2004; 13(9): 955 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Mobley, I. Leav, P. Zielie, C. Wotkowitz, J. Evans, Y.-W. Lam, B. S. L'Esperance, Z. Jiang, and S.-M. Ho Branched Fatty Acids in Dairy and Beef Products Markedly Enhance {alpha}-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Expression in Prostate Cancer Cells in Vitro Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 775 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Idel, P. Ellinghaus, C. Wolfrum, J.-R. Nofer, J. Gloerich, G. Assmann, F. Spener, and U. Seedorf Branched Chain Fatty Acids Induce Nitric Oxide-dependent Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 13, 2002; 277(51): 49319 - 49325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Little, L. Williams, J. Xu, and A. Radominska-Pandya Glucuronidation of the Dietary Fatty Acids, Phytanic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid, by Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Drug Metab. Dispos., May 1, 2002; 30(5): 531 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| All ASBMB Journals | Journal of Biological Chemistry |
| Molecular and Cellular Proteomics | ASBMB Today |
