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Correspondence to:
Peter A. Edwards, at Department of Biological Chemistry, CHS 33-257, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769., pedwards{at}mednet.ucla.edu (E-mail)
During the last three years there have been a plethora of publications on the liver X-activated receptors (LXR
In this review we emphasize i) the role of LXR in controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, ii) the expanded role of FXR in regulating genes that control not only bile acid metabolism but also lipoprotein metabolism, and iii) the regulation of bile acid transport/metabolism in response to bile acid-activated PXR. — Edwards, P. A., H. R. Kast, and A. M. Anisfeld. BAREing it all: the adoption of LXR and FXR and their roles in lipid homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 2–12.
Supplementary key words:
bile acids, oxysterols, Tangier disease, sitosterolemia, ABC transporters, lipoproteins, farnesoid X-activated receptor, liver X-activated receptor, pregnane X receptor
Copyright © 2002 by Lipid Research, Inc.
Thematic Review
BAREing it all: the adoption of LXR and FXR and their roles in lipid homeostasis
Peter A. Edwardsa,b,
Heidi R. Kasta, and
Andrew M. Anisfelda
a Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
b Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
, NR1H3, and LXRß, NR1H2), the farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR, NR1H4), and the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and the role these nuclear receptors play in controlling cholesterol, bile acid, lipoprotein and drug metabolism. The current interest in these nuclear receptors is high, in part, because they appear to be promising therapeutic targets for new drugs that have the potential to control lipid homeostasis. 
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R. K. Tangirala, E. D. Bischoff, S. B. Joseph, B. L. Wagner, R. Walczak, B. A. Laffitte, C. L. Daige, D. Thomas, R. A. Heyman, D. J. Mangelsdorf, et al. Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis PNAS, September 3, 2002; 99(18): 11896 - 11901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. U. Schuster, P. Parini, L. Wang, S. Alberti, K. R. Steffensen, G. K. Hansson, B. Angelin, and J.-A. Gustafsson Accumulation of Foam Cells in Liver X Receptor-Deficient Mice Circulation, August 27, 2002; 106(9): 1147 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Mak, B. A. Laffitte, C. Desrumaux, S. B. Joseph, L. K. Curtiss, D. J. Mangelsdorf, P. Tontonoz, and P. A. Edwards Regulated Expression of the Apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II Gene Cluster in Murine and Human Macrophages. A CRITICAL ROLE FOR NUCLEAR LIVER X RECEPTORS alpha AND beta J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 31900 - 31908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Ross, R. L. Erickson, I. Gerin, P. M. DeRose, L. Bajnok, K. A. Longo, D. E. Misek, R. Kuick, S. M. Hanash, K. B. Atkins, et al. Microarray Analyses during Adipogenesis: Understanding the Effects of Wnt Signaling on Adipogenesis and the Roles of Liver X Receptor {alpha} in Adipocyte Metabolism Mol. Cell. Biol., August 15, 2002; 22(16): 5989 - 5999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Mariadason, D. Arango, G. A. Corner, M. J. Aranes, K. A. Hotchkiss, W. Yang, and L. H. Augenlicht A Gene Expression Profile That Defines Colon Cell Maturation in Vitro Cancer Res., August 15, 2002; 62(16): 4791 - 4804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Goodwin and S. A. Kliewer Nuclear Receptors: I. Nuclear receptors and bile acid homeostasis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): G926 - G931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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