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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 43, 1019-1025, July 2002
Copyright © 2002 by Lipid Research, Inc.

Association of GM4 ganglioside with the membrane surrounding lipid droplets in shark liver

Yu-Teh Li^1,*, Eiko Sugiyama^*, Toshio Ariga, Jun Nakayama, Masayoshi Hayama, Yoichiro Hama^**, Hiroki Nakagawa^**, Tadashi Tai, Karol Maskos, Su-Chen Li^* and Takeshi Ksama^***

^* Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
Clinical Research Center, Eisai Co. Ltd., Koishikawa, Tokyo 112-8088, Japan
Central Clinical Laboratories, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
^** Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
Department of Tumor Immunology, The Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Honkomagome, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
Coordinated Instrumentation Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
^*** Instrumental Analysis Research Center for Life Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: yli1{at}tulane.edu

By TLC, GM4 was found to be the major ganglioside in the liver of six shark species examined: Odontaspis taurus, Negaprion brevirostris, Sphyrna lewini, Mustelus griseus, Mustelus manazo, and Prionace glauca. A detailed analysis of the glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in the liver of O. taurus (sand tiger shark) showed that it contained approximately 110 nmol of lipid-bound sialic acid per gram of wet tissue, of which 80% was GM4. By extracting the liver of O. taurus with chloroform/methanol, followed by chromatographic separation of GSLs using DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Iatrobeads columns, we have isolated GM4 in pure form with a yield of approximately 5 mg per 100 g of wet tissue. The structures of both the sugar chain and the ceramide moiety of this GM4 were analyzed by chemical analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Similar to GM4 isolated from other sources, 92% of fatty acids in the ceramide of this GM4 were 2-hydroxylated. However, unlike the long-chain bases found in other GSLs, the total long-chain bases in this GM4 were found to contain 43% octadecasphingenine and 50% nonadecasphingenine.

Immunohistochemical analysis using a monoclonal antibody against GM4 revealed that the hepatocytes of both M. griseus (spotless smooth hound) and M. manazo (smooth hound) were filled with lipid droplets and GM4 was primarily associated with the membrane structure surrounding lipid droplets.

Abbreviations: CID, collision-induced dissociation; GC, gas chromatography; GSL, glycosphingolipid; Hex, hexose; NeuAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid; MS, mass spectrometry; SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry

Supplementary key words NMR spectroscopy • secondary ion mass spectrometry • collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry

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