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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 44, 2257-2269, December 2003
Copyright © 2003 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Macrophage cholesterol efflux and the active domains of serum amyloid A 2.1

Robert Kisilevsky^1,*,, and Shui Pang Tam^,

^* Departments of Pathology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
Biochemistry, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
Queen's University, and The Syl and Molly Apps Research Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: kisilevsky{at}cliff.path.queensu.ca

Serum amyloid A 2.1 (SAA2.1) suppresses ACAT and stimulates cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) activities in cholesterol-laden macrophages, and in the presence of a cholesterol transporter and an extracellular acceptor, there is a marked increase in the rate of cholesterol export in culture and in vivo. The stimulation of CEH activity by SAA2.1 is not affected by chloroquine, suggesting that it operates on neutral CEH rather than the lysosomal form. With liposomes containing individual peptides of SAA2.1, residues 1–20 inhibit ACAT activity, residues 74–103 stimulate CEH activity, and each of residues 1–20 and 74–103 promotes macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL in culture media. In combination, these peptides exhibit a profound effect, so that 55–70% of cholesterol is exported to media HDL in 24 h. The effect is also demonstrable in vivo. [³H]cholesterol-laden macrophages injected intravenously into mice were allowed to establish themselves for 24 h. Thereafter, the mice received a single intravenous injection of liposomes containing intact SAA1.1, SAA2.1, peptides composed of SAA2.1 residues 1–20, 21–50, 51–80, 74–103, or SAA1.1 residues 1–20.

Only liposomes containing intact SAA2.1 or its residues 1–20 or 74–103 promoted the efflux of cholesterol in vivo. A single injection of each of the active peptides is effective in promoting cholesterol efflux in vivo for at least 4 days.

Abbreviations: ApoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I; CEH, cholesteryl ester hydrolase; CQ, chloroquine; DIDS, 4,4-diisothiocyanotostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid; LPDS, lipoprotein-depleted serum; MCD, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin; RBC, red blood cell; SAA2.1, serum amyloid A 2.1

Supplementary key words acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase • macrophages • in vivo

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