| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 44, 233-242, February 2003
Copyright © 2003 by Lipid Research, Inc.
Thematic Review |
Medical Sciences Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: daleked{at}indiana.edu
Lipids in biological membranes are asymmetrically distributed across the bilayer; the amine-containing phospholipids are enriched on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, while the choline-containing and sphingolipids are enriched on the outer surface. The maintenance of transbilayer lipid asymmetry is essential for normal membrane function, and disruption of this asymmetry is associated with cell activation or pathologic conditions. Lipid asymmetry is generated primarily by selective synthesis of lipids on one side of the membrane. Because passive lipid transbilayer diffusion is slow, a number of proteins have evolved to either dissipate or maintain this lipid gradient. These proteins fall into three classes: 1) cytofacially-directed, ATP-dependent transporters ("flippases"); 2) exofacially-directed, ATP-dependent transporters ("floppases"); and 3) bidirectional, ATP-independent transporters ("scramblases"). The flippase is highly selective for phosphatidylserine and functions to keep this lipid sequestered from the cell surface. Floppase activity has been associated with the ABC class of transmembrane transporters. Although they are primarily nonspecific, at least two members of this class display selectivity for their substrate lipid. Scramblases are inherently nonspecific and function to randomize the distribution of newly synthesized lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane lipids in activated cells.
It is the combined action of these proteins and the physical properties of the membrane bilayer that generate and maintain transbilayer lipid asymmetry.
Abbreviations: flippases, ATP-dependent transporters; floppases, ATP-dependent transporters; Glc-Cer, glucosylceramide; NBD, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl; PA, phosphatidic acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PIP, phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PS, phosphatidylserine; scramblases, ATP-independent transporters; SM, sphingomyelin
Supplementary key words flippase • floppase • scramblase • phosphatidylserine
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Darland-Ransom, X. Wang, C.-L. Sun, J. Mapes, K. Gengyo-Ando, S. Mitani, and D. Xue Role of C. elegans TAT-1 Protein in Maintaining Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylserine Asymmetry Science, April 25, 2008; 320(5875): 528 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wang, W. Beck, R. Deppisch, S. M. Marshall, N. A. Hoenich, and M. G. Thompson Differential effects of dialysis and ultrafiltrate from individuals with CKD, with or without diabetes, on platelet phosphatidylserine externalization Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): F220 - F228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Evseenko, P. Murthi, J. W. Paxton, G. Reid, B. S. Emerald, K. M. Mohankumar, P. E. Lobie, S. P. Brennecke, B. Kalionis, and J. A. Keelan The ABC transporter BCRP/ABCG2 is a placental survival factor, and its expression is reduced in idiopathic human fetal growth restriction FASEB J, November 1, 2007; 21(13): 3592 - 3605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. P. Atshaves, A. L. McIntosh, H. R. Payne, A. M. Gallegos, K. Landrock, N. Maeda, A. B. Kier, and F. Schroeder SCP-2/SCP-x gene ablation alters lipid raft domains in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2007; 48(10): 2193 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Pennings, R. B. Hildebrand, D. Ye, C. Kunne, T. J.C. Van Berkel, A. K. Groen, and M. Van Eck Bone marrow-derived multidrug resistance protein ABCB4 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor knockout mice Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 175 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wang, W. Beck, R. Deppisch, S. M. Marshall, N. A. Hoenich, and M. G. Thompson Advanced glycation end products elicit externalization of phosphatidylserine in a subpopulation of platelets via 5-HT2A/2C receptors Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): C328 - C336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. C. Stevens and J. W. Nichols The Proton Electrochemical Gradient across the Plasma Membrane of Yeast Is Necessary for Phospholipid Flip J. Biol. Chem., June 15, 2007; 282(24): 17563 - 17567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Malleier, O. Oskolkova, V. Bochkov, I. Jerabek, B. Sokolikova, T. Perkmann, J. Breuss, B. R. Binder, and M. Geiger Regulation of protein C inhibitor (PCI) activity by specific oxidized and negatively charged phospholipids Blood, June 1, 2007; 109(11): 4769 - 4776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Smrz, L. Draberova, and P. Draber Non-apoptotic Phosphatidylserine Externalization Induced by Engagement of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2007; 282(14): 10487 - 10497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Daleke Phospholipid Flippases J. Biol. Chem., January 12, 2007; 282(2): 821 - 825. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Luster, J. He, X. Huang, S. N. Maiti, A. J. Schroit, P. G. de Groot, and P. E. Thorpe Plasma Protein beta-2-Glycoprotein 1 Mediates Interaction between the Anti-tumor Monoclonal Antibody 3G4 and Anionic Phospholipids on Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29863 - 29871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Phillippe, D. F. Bradley, H. Ji, K. H. Oppenheimer, and E. K. Chien Phospholipid Scramblase Isoform Expression in Pregnant Rat Uterus Reproductive Sciences, October 1, 2006; 13(7): 497 - 501. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Boulanger, N. Amabile, and A. Tedgui Circulating Microparticles: A Potential Prognostic Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 180 - 186. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Sher, C. Aoyama, K. A. Huebsch, S. Ji, J. Kerner, Y. Yang, W. N. Frankel, C. L. Hoppel, P. A. Wood, D. E. Vance, et al. A Rostrocaudal Muscular Dystrophy Caused by a Defect in Choline Kinase Beta, the First Enzyme in Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis J. Biol. Chem., February 24, 2006; 281(8): 4938 - 4948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-C. Lin, C. D. Blanchette, T. V. Ratto, and M. L. Longo Lipid Asymmetry in DLPC/DSPC-Supported Lipid Bilayers: A Combined AFM and Fluorescence Microscopy Study Biophys. J., January 1, 2006; 90(1): 228 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Evans, C.-L Shen, S. Pollack, J. F. Aloia, and J. K. Yeh Adrenocorticotropin Evokes Transient Elevations in Intracellular Free Calcium ([Ca2+]i) and Increases Basal [Ca2+]i in Resting Chondrocytes through a Phospholipase C-Dependent Mechanism Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 3123 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Combes, N. Coltel, M. Alibert, M. van Eck, C. Raymond, I. Juhan-Vague, G. E. Grau, and G. Chimini ABCA1 Gene Deletion Protects against Cerebral Malaria: Potential Pathogenic Role of Microparticles in Neuropathology Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2005; 166(1): 295 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Wiedmer, J. Zhao, L. Li, Q. Zhou, A. Hevener, J. M. Olefsky, L. K. Curtiss, and P. J. Sims Adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in mice with targeted deletion of phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3) PNAS, September 7, 2004; 101(36): 13296 - 13301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Del Gaizo Moore and R. M. Payne Transactivator of Transcription Fusion Protein Transduction Causes Membrane Inversion J. Biol. Chem., July 30, 2004; 279(31): 32541 - 32544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Frasch, P. M. Henson, K. Nagaosa, M. B. Fessler, N. Borregaard, and D. L. Bratton Phospholipid Flip-Flop and Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) Co-localize to Uropod Rafts in Formylated Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated Neutrophils J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17625 - 17633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Feng, D. Rainteau, C. Chachaty, Z.-W. Yu, C. Wolf, and P. J. Quinn Characterization of a Quasicrystalline Phase in Codispersions of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Glucocerebroside Biophys. J., April 1, 2004; 86(4): 2208 - 2217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| All ASBMB Journals | Journal of Biological Chemistry |
| Molecular and Cellular Proteomics | ASBMB Today |
