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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 44, 512-521, March 2003
Copyright © 2003 by Lipid Research, Inc.
Cell and Molecular Biology Research Division, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: d.s.leake{at}reading.ac.uk
Oxidized LDL is present within atherosclerotic lesions, demonstrating a failure of antioxidant protection. A normal human serum ultrafiltrate of Mr below 500 was prepared as a model for the low Mr components of interstitial fluid, and its effects on LDL oxidation were investigated. The ultrafiltrate (0.3%, v/v) was a potent antioxidant for native LDL, but was a strong prooxidant for mildly oxidized LDL when copper, but not a water-soluble azo initiator, was used to oxidize LDL. Adding a lipid hydroperoxide to native LDL induced the antioxidant to prooxidant switch of the ultrafiltrate. Uric acid was identified, using uricase and add-back experiments, as both the major antioxidant and prooxidant within the ultrafiltrate for LDL. The ultrafiltrate or uric acid rapidly reduced Cu2+ to Cu+. The reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ may help to explain both the antioxidant and prooxidant effects observed. The decreased concentration of Cu2+ would inhibit tocopherol-mediated peroxidation in native LDL, and the generation of Cu+ would promote the rapid breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides in mildly oxidized LDL into lipid radicals. The net effect of the low Mr serum components would therefore depend on the preexisting levels of lipid hydroperoxides in LDL.
These findings may help to explain why LDL oxidation occurs in atherosclerotic lesions in the presence of compounds that are usually considered to be antioxidants.
Abbreviations: BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution; HPODE, 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9Z,11E-dienoic acid
Supplementary key words atherosclerosis • oxidized low density lipoprotein • oxidized low density lipoprotein • lipid hydroperoxide
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