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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 44, 869-877, May 2003
Copyright © 2003 by Lipid Research, Inc.

Thematic Review

Membrane dynamics and cell polarity

Dick Hoekstra¹, Olaf Maier, Johanna M. van der Wouden, Tounsia Aït Slimane² and Sven C. D. van IJzendoorn

University of Groningen, Department of Membrane Cell Biology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: d.hoekstra{at}med.rug.nl

In recent years, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) have attracted widespread attention due to the appreciation that this class of lipids has a major impact on biological life. Inhibition of the synthesis of glucosylceramide, which serves as a precursor for the generation of complex glycosphinglipids, is embryonic lethal. GSLs play a major role in growth and development. Metabolites of sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphinganine, and sphingosine, may function as second messengers or regulators of signal transduction that affect events ranging from apoptosis to the (co)regulation of the cell cycle. In addition, GSLs can provide a molecular platform for clustering of signal transducers. The ability of sphingolipids, with or without cholesterol, to form microdomains or rafts is critical in sorting and membrane transport that underlies the biogenesis of polarized membrane domains.

Here, a brief summary is presented of some recent developments in this field, with a particular emphasis on raft assembly and membrane transport in the establishment of membrane polarity.

Abbreviations: CGT, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase; C₆NBD, 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazol-4-yl)amino] hexanoyl; DRM, detergent-resistant membranes; GalCer, galactosylceramide; GlcCer, glucosylceramide; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; GSL, glycosphingolipid; pIgR, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; PS, phosphatidylserine; SAC, subapical compartment; SM, sphingomyelin; TGN, trans-Golgi network

Supplementary key words glycosphingolipid • lipid transport • rafts • microdomains • protein sorting

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