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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 45, 71-80, January 2004
Copyright © 2004 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Formula feeding potentiates docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid biosynthesis in term and preterm baboon neonates

Eszter Sarkadi-Nagy¹, Vasuki Wijendran², Guan Yeu Diau³, Angela Chueh Chao, Andrea T. Hsieh, Anu Turpeinen⁴, Peter Lawrence, Peter W. Nathanielsz⁵ and J. Thomas Brenna⁶

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

⁶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: jtb4{at}cornell.edu

Infant formulas supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are now available in the United States; however, little is known about the factors that affect biosynthesis. Baboon neonates were assigned to one of four treatments: term, breast-fed; term, formula-fed; preterm (155 of 182 days gestation), formula-fed; and preterm, formula+DHA/ARA-fed. Standard formula had no DHA/ARA; supplemented formula had 0.61%wt DHA (0.3% of calories) and 1.21%wt ARA (0.6% of calories), and baboon breast milk contained 0.68 ± 0.22%wt DHA and 0.62 ± 0.12%wt ARA. At 14 days adjusted age, neonates received a combined oral dose of [U-¹³C]-linolenic acid (LNA*) and [U-¹³C]linoleic acid (LA*), and tissues were analyzed 14 days after dose. Brain accretion of linolenic acid-derived DHA was 3-fold greater for the formula groups than for the breast-fed group, and dietary DHA partially attenuated excess DHA synthesis among preterms. A similar, significant pattern was found in other organs. Brain linoleic acid-derived ARA accretion was significantly greater in the unsupplemented term group but not in the preterm groups compared with the breast-fed group.

These data show that formula potentiates the biosynthesis/accretion of DHA/ARA in term and preterm neonates compared with breast-fed neonates and that the inclusion of DHA/ARA in preterm formula partially restores DHA/ARA biosynthesis to lower, breast-fed levels. Current formula DHA concentrations are inadequate to normalize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis to that of breast-fed levels.

Abbreviations: ARA or 20:4n-6, arachidonic acid; CNS, central nervous system; DHA or 22:6n-3, docosahexaenoic acid; FA, fatty acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; LA, linoleic acid; LA*, [U-¹³C]linoleic acid; LCP, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; LNA, -linolenic acid; LNA*, [U-¹³C]-linolenic acid; RBC, red blood cell; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium

Supplementary key words stable isotope tracers • isotope ratio mass spectrometry • n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids • n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

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