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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 45, 496-506, March 2004
Copyright © 2004 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

The structural requirements for ceramide activation of serine-threonine protein phosphatases

Charles E. Chalfant^1,*,, Zdzislaw Szulc^*, Patrick Roddy^*, Alicja Bielawska^* and Yusuf A. Hannun^*

^* Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
Research and Development, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: hannun{at}musc.edu

The protein phosphatases1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) serve as ceramide-activated protein phosphatases (CAPP). In this study, the structural requirements for interaction between ceramide and CAPP were determined. D-erythro-C₆ ceramide activated the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) approximately 3-fold in a stereospecific manner. In contrast, saturation of the 4-5 double bond, producing D-erythro-dihydro C₆ ceramide, inhibited PP2Ac (IC₅₀ = 8.5 µM). Furthermore, phyto C₆ ceramide, D-erythro-dehydro C₆ ceramide, and D-erythro-cis-C₆ ceramide had no effect on PP2Ac activity. Modification of the sphingoid chain also abolished the ability of ceramide to activate PP2Ac. Further studies demonstrated the requirement for the amide group, the primary hydroxyl group, and the secondary hydroxyl group of the sphingoid backbone for activation of PP2Ac through the synthesis and evaluation of D-erythro-urea C₆ ceramide, L-erythro-urea C₆ ceramide, D-erythro-N-methyl C₆ ceramide, D-erythro-1-O-methyl C₆ ceramide, D-erythro-3-O-methyl C₆ ceramide, and (2S) 3-keto C₆ ceramide. None of these compounds induced significant activation of PP2Ac. Liposome binding studies were also conducted using analogs of D-erythro-C C₆ ceramide, and the results showed that the ability of ceramide analogs to influence CAPP (activation or inhibition) was associated with the ability of the analogs to bind to CAPP.

This study demonstrates strict structural requirements for interaction of ceramide with CAPP, and disclose ceramide as a very specific regulator of CAPP. The studies also begin to define features that transform ceramide analogs into inhibitors of CAPP.

Abbreviations: PP1, protein phosphatase-1; PP2A, protein phosphatase-2A

Supplementary key words protein phosphatase-2A • protein phosphatase-1 • ceramide-activated protein phosphatase

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