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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 45, 1493-1499, August 2004
Copyright © 2004 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

High dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering

Peter M. Clifton^1,*, Manny Noakes^*, Donna Ross, Andriana Fassoulakis, Marja Cehun and Paul Nestel

^* Goodman Fielder Pty Ltd., North Ryde NSW 2113, Australia
Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, S.A., Australia

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: peter.clifton{at}csiro.au

The objective of this study was to measure the effects on serum lipids and plasma phytosterols of 6.6 g/day phytosterols from three foods (bread, breakfast cereal, and spread) consumed for 12 weeks compared with a diet that was not enriched with phytosterols. Thirty-five subjects undertook a nonrandomized, single-blind study consisting of a 2 week baseline period, 6 weeks on high-phytosterol intake, 6 weeks on high-phytosterol intake plus increased fruit and vegetable intake, and a final 2 week washout period. Serum total cholesterol decreased by 8.3% from 6.59 to 6.04 mmol/l, and LDL cholesterol decreased by 12.6% from 4.44 to 3.88 mmol/l. Plasma phytosterol levels increased by 45% (sitosterol) and 105% (campesterol). Cholesterol-adjusted plasma - and ß-carotene levels decreased by 19–23%, lutein by 14%, and lycopene by 11%. Levels of -carotene and lutein increased with extra fruit and vegetables. Only lycopene failed to increase during the washout phase. There were no significant changes in biochemical parameters.

Serum LDL cholesterol lowering with 6.6 g/day ingested phytosterols was in the range seen with 1.6–3.2 g/day phytosterols. Lowering of plasma carotenoids was greater than that seen with lower phytosterol intake and was partially reversed by increased fruit and vegetable intake.

Supplementary key words low density lipoprotein cholesterol • sitosterol • campesterol

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