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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 50, S260-S265, April 2009
Copyright © 2009 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Signaling

Plant phospholipid signaling: "in a nutshell"

Teun Munnik¹ and Christa Testerink¹

Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, NL-1098SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (VIDI 864.05.001, VIDI 700.56.429, and ECHO 700.56.007) and the European Union (COST FA0605).

Published, JLR Papers in Press, December 20, 2008.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: t.munnik{at}uva.nl (T.M.); c.s.testerink{at}uva.nl (C.T.)

ABSTRACT

Since the discovery of the phosphoinositide/phospholipase C (PI/PLC) system in animal systems, we know that phospholipids are much more then just structural components of biological membranes. In the beginning, this idea was fairly straightforward. Receptor stimulation activates PLC, which hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P₂] into two second messengers: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP₃) and diacylglycerol (DG). While InsP₃ difuses into the cytosol and triggers the release of calcium from an internal store via ligand-gated calcium channels, DG remains in the membrane where it recruits and activates members of the PKC family. The increase in calcium, together with the change in phosphorylation status, (in)activates a variety of protein targets, leading to a massive reprogramming, allowing the cell to appropriately respond to the extracellular stimulus. Later, it became obvious that not just PLC, but a variety of other phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes were activated, including phospholipase A, phospholipase D, and PI 3-kinase. More recently, it has become apparent that PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P₂ are not just signal precursors but can also function as signaling molecules themselves. While plants contain most of the components described above, and evidence for their role in cell signaling is progressively increasing, major differences between plants and the mammalian paradigms exist. Below, these are described "in a nutshell."

Supplementary key words phosphatidic acid • phosphoinositide • phospholipase

Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; CDPK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; DG, diacylglycerol; DGK, diacylglycerol kinase; DGPP, diacylglycerolpyrophosphate; InsP₃, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IPK, inositol dual-specificity polyphosphate multikinase; JA, jasmonic acid; PA, phosphatidic acid; PAK, phosphatidic acid kinase; PH, Pleckstrin homology domain; PI/PLC, phosphoinositide/phospholipase C; PLA, phospholipase A; PLD, phospholipase D; PtdInsP₂, phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species

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