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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 43, 2062-2071, December 2002
Copyright © 2002 by Lipid Research, Inc.

Molecular cloning and expression of rat liver bile acid CoA ligase

Charles N. Falany¹, Xiaowei Xie, James B. Wheeler, Jin Wang, Michelle Smith, Dongning He and Stephen Barnes

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294

Published, JLR Papers in Press, September 16, 2002. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M200260-JLR200

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: charles.falany{at}ccc.uab.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Bile acid CoA ligase (BAL) is responsible for catalyzing the first step in the conjugation of bile acids with amino acids. Sequencing of putative rat liver BAL cDNAs identified a cDNA (rBAL-1) possessing a 51 nucleotide 5'-untranslated region, an open reading frame of 2,070 bases encoding a 690 aa protein with a molecular mass of 75,960 Da, and a 138 nucleotide 3'-nontranslated region followed by a poly(A) tail. Identity of the cDNA was established by: 1) the rBAL-1 open reading frame encoded peptides obtained by chemical sequencing of the purified rBAL protein; 2) expressed rBAL-1 protein comigrated with purified rBAL during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and 3) rBAL-1 expressed in insect Sf9 cells had enzymatic properties that were comparable to the enzyme isolated from rat liver. Evidence for a relationship between fatty acid and bile acid metabolism is suggested by specific inhibition of rBAL-1 by cis-unsaturated fatty acids and its high homology to a human very long chain fatty acid CoA ligase.

In summary, these results indicate that the cDNA for rat liver BAL has been isolated and expression of the rBAL cDNA in insect Sf9 cells results in a catalytically active enzyme capable of utilizing several different bile acids as substrates.

Abbreviations: BAL, bile acid CoA ligase; BAT, bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase; CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; CoA, coenzyme A; DCA, deoxycholic acid; FATP, fatty acid transport protein; LCA, lithocholic acid; THCA, trihydroxycoprostanoic acid

Supplementary key words fatty acids • coenzyme A • CoA synthase • bile acid amidation

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Bile acids are one of a group of organic acids that are converted to N-acyl amino acid conjugates. They are the principal metabolites of cholesterol and have important detergent properties in the hepatobiliary system and in the lumen of the upper small intestine (1). The presence of the amino acid moiety lowers the pKa of the bile acid, thus preventing precipitation at the acid pH of the upper gut (2). Conjugation of bile acids with the amino acids glycine and taurine is a two-step process involving the successive action of the enzymes, bile acid CoA ligase (BAL), and bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT). Our laboratories have previously purified BAT activity from human liver (3), and cloned a cDNA encoding hBAT from a human liver cDNA library (4). hBAT expressed in both bacterial and COS cells was demonstrated to utilize both glycine and taurine as substrates (4).

Although BAL activity was identified and enzymatically characterized over 40 years ago (5), purification of membrane-bound BAL activity has been a major challenge. Partial purification and characterization of BAL activity from guinea pig and porcine microsomes has been reported (6); however, the multiplicity and properties of the BAL proteins were not determined. Recently, our laboratory has described the purification of BAL activity from rat liver (7). Monoclonal anti-rBAL antibodies were generated and used to isolate rBAL so that partial amino acid sequence information could be obtained by chemical sequencing methods. The sequence of several peptides was utilized to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for the cloning of rBAL cDNAs from a rat liver ZAP II cDNA library. The full-length rBAL-1 cDNA was expressed in insect Sf 9 cells using a baculovirus expression vector. Verification that the expressed protein was rBAL involved identification of rBAL peptide sequences in the translation of the cDNA, characterization of the enzymatic activity of expressed rBAL, and identification of the formation of bile acid CoA esters using HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Sequence analysis and substrate inhibition studies indicate that rBAL is a member of the fatty acid CoA synthetase/fatty acid transport protein (FATP) gene family (8).

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Materials
TRIzol reagent was purchased from Gibco BRL (Rockville, MD). Original TA Cloning and PCR optimizer kits were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The Wizard Plus Miniprep DNA purification system was from Promega (Madison, WI). The TaqStart Antibody was purchased from Clontech (Palo Alto, CA). Rat liver ZAP II cDNA library, the XL-1 MRF' cells, and SOLR cells were from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA). STAT-60 RNA isolation reagent was obtained from TEL-TEST (Friendswood, TX). First Strand Synthesis, Oligolabeling and ECL Plus western blot detection kits were purchased from Pharmacia Biotech (Arlington Heights, IL). QIAEX II gel purification kit was from Qiagen (Valencia, CA). Unlabeled chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), lithocholic acid (LCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and coenzyme A (CoA) were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Trihydroxycoprostanoic acid (THCA) and norcholic acid were gifts from Dr. Alan Hofmann (University of California, San Diego). [11,12-³H]CDCA was from NEN/Dupont (Wilmington, DE). [9,10-³H(N)]Oleic acid was from Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Inc. (Boston, MA). All other reagents were of reagent grade and were from Fisher (Norcross, GA).

Molecular cloning of the 3'-end of rBAL
Portions of the rBAL amino acid sequence were obtained from proteolytic trypsin digestion and CNBr cleavage of affinity-purified rBAL (7). Peptide fragments from digested rBAL were separated by reverse-phase C₁₈ HPLC. Chemical sequencing of rBAL peptides by Edman degradation was performed by Commonwealth Biotechnologies (Richmond, VA). The amino acid sequence of one of the isolated tryptic peptides was NH₂-EGFDVGVIADPLYILD-COOH. An 8 kDa fragment of rBAL generated by a CNBr digestion (9) was resolved by SDS-PAGE, electrophoretically transferred to a PVDF membrane, and stained with Coomassie Blue. The resulting band was cut from the membrane and subjected to peptide sequencing from the PVDF membrane. The amino acid sequence obtained from this peptide was NH₂-AAVKLAPGKT[G,F]DGQKLY-COOH. The amino acids contained within the brackets were indeterminate at that position.

In order to generate a portion of the rBAL cDNA, rat liver total RNA was isolated using a TRIzol (Life Technologies) extraction procedure. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using a First Strand Synthesis kit. A degenerate oligonucleotide primer was designed using the amino acid sequence determined from the CNBr cleaved fragment. This sequence, 5'-GCICCIGGIAARACIKKIGAYGG-3' [encodes APGKT(G,F)DG], was used in conjunction with oligo dT18 to perform PCR. Five microliters of the first strand synthesis reaction mix was added to each PCR reaction. Denaturation and extension cycles were performed at 94°C (1 min) and 72°C (2 min), respectively. For the first three cycles, the 1 min annealing temperature was 58°C. The annealing temperature was then lowered to 55°C for three cycles, to 53°C for three cycles, to 50°C for three cycles, and to 48°C for 21 cycles. The final extension reaction was carried out for 7 min at 72°C. Two major PCR products (450 bp and 300 bp) were generated. These cDNA fragments were gel purified and ligated into the plasmid pCR2.1 using a TA cloning kit. The ligated plasmid was subcloned into Escherichia coli (INVaF') and grown on LB media agar plates using kanamycin for antibiotic selection and X-gal for color selection. Plasmid DNA was isolated from several colonies using a Wizard Plus Miniprep DNA purification system. The purified plasmid DNAs were sequenced using an ABI model 377 automated sequencer with M13 and T7 sequencing primers (UAB DNA Sequence Core Facility). The larger PCR product (423 bp) was determined to encode the desired peptide sequences.

Isolation of the full-length rBAL cDNA
The 423 bp DNA fragment was labeled with [³²P]dCTP using an Oligolabeling kit (Pharmacia) to a specific activity of 1 x 10⁹ cpm/µg DNA and used as a probe to screen a ZAP II Sprague Dawley rat liver cDNA library under high stringency conditions. Screening of the ZAP II cDNA library was carried out as described previously (10). E. coli XL-1 Blue MRF' cells were infected with aliquots of the ZAP library to give approximately 50,000 pfu per 150 mm plate. The phage were allowed to absorb to the bacteria for 15 min at 37°C and then mixed with pre-warmed top agar (0.7%) and poured onto Petri plates containing 1.5% agar in Luria broth with 10 mM MgCl₂. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C to allow plaque formation, then overlaid with nitrocellulose filters (Micron Separations, Inc., Westborough, MA) for 5 min. The orientation of the filters was marked with India ink, and the filters were removed. The filters were soaked in 0.5 M NaOH/1.5 M NaCl for 5 min and neutralized with 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)/1.5 M NaCl for 5 min. The filters were then air dried and exposed to UV light (total 150 mJ) to bind the DNA to the filter. Duplicate filters were prepared from each plate.

Approximately 300,000 independent clones from the ZAP II library were screened. Hybridization of the filters was carried out overnight with 1 x 10⁶ cpm/ml of the ³²P-labeled 423 bp DNA fragment at 65°C in 6x SSC, 0.5% SDS, 5x Denhardt's solution, and 200 µg/ml sheared salmon sperm DNA. The filters were washed twice at 65°C for 20 min using 3x SSC containing 0.5% SDS and 0.2% Na₂HPO₄ followed by two 20 min washes at 65°C with 3x SSC. The filters were then air dried and exposed to autoradiograph film at -70°C with an intensifying screen. Plaques that were positive on replicate filters were purified by dilution and re-screening until a single pfu could be isolated. Following isolation of single pfu, recombinant DNA sequences were recovered in pBluescript plasmids using helper phage as described by Stratagene. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a Wizard DNA isolation kit (Promega).

DNA sequence analysis
Isolated recombinant plasmids were sequenced using the Thermo Sequenase cycle sequencing kit (Amersham, Cleveland, Ohio) using [³³P]dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) terminators. The reaction products were resolved on 8% glycerol tolerant polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis, the gels were vacuum dried and exposed overnight to autoradiograph film. Sequences were manually read, then aligned and analyzed using MacVector sequence analysis software.

Northern blot analysis of RNA from different rat tissues
Total RNA was isolated from several tissues of an adult male Sprague Dawley rat using STAT-60 (Tel-Test). Aliquots (5 µg) of total RNA from different tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, brain, small intestine and testis) were mixed with 3 vol of RNA gel loading buffer (Ambion), heated to 65°C for 15 min, and resolved in a 1% agarose-formaldehyde gel (11). The RNA was then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and the membrane was treated with UV-light in a Bio-Rad UV chamber.

For use as a probe, the rBAL cDNA was isolated from the pBluescript plasmid by EcoRI digestion and purified from an agarose gel. The rBAL-1 cDNA was labeled with [³²P]dCTP using an oligolabeling kit (Pharmacia) to a specific activity of 1 x 10⁹ cpm/µg. Membrane hybridization was carried out in Quickhyb solution (Stratagene) at 68°C for 1 h. The membrane was removed and washed twice in 2x SSC with 0.1% SDS for 15 min at RT, followed by washing twice in 0.1x SSC and 0.1% SDS for 15 min at 60°C. The membrane was air-dried and exposed overnight to autoradiograph film at -70°C with an intensifying screen.

Immunoblot analysis of rBAL
A rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against a 463 amino acid fragment of rBAL because of problems associated with insertion of full-length rBAL into inclusion bodies when expressed in E. coli. The rBAL fragment was generated by subcloning the BamH1-Kpn1 restriction fragment obtained from pBS-rBAL-1 into pQE-31 (Qiagen) to generate a protein with an amino terminal histidine tag. The rBAL463 fragment was expressed in E. Coli M15 cells and purified by Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography. The protein was further purified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroelution using a Bio-Rad Model 422 Electro-Eluter and the identity of the protein verified by tryptic peptide fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA). Pure rBAL463 protein (130 µg) was mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant and injected subcutaneous at several sites along the back of a female New Zealand white rabbit. The rabbit was subsequently boosted twice at two-week intervals with 130 µg of rBAL463 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Two weeks later the animal was bled and serum tested for antibody specificity by immunoblot analysis (12).

For immunoblot analysis of rBAL expression in rat tissues, microsomes were prepared from tissues of a young male Sprague Dawley rat and aliquots (80 µg) of the microsomal proteins were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The resolved proteins were electrotransferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and the membrane was blocked with 5% non-fat milk. The membrane was then incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti-rBAL antiserum at a dilution of 1:4,000 for 1 h. Goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugate was used as the secondary antibody and visualization of bound proteins was carried out using the Supersignal West Pico System (Pierce).

Expression of rBAL in Sf9 insect cells
Enzymatically active rBAL was expressed in Sf 9 insect cells using the pFastBac1 baculovirus expression system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The rBAL-1 cDNA was isolated from pBluescript by EcoRI and Spe I digestion and ligated into the EcoRI and Spe I sites in the pFastBac1 vector to generate native enzyme or the pFastBacHTb vector to express the protein with a 6x His-tag on the amino end of the protein. Both the pFastBac-rBAL plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli DH5 cells and the plasmids isolated with a Wizard plasmid purification kit (Promega). The recombinant pFastBac-rBAL plasmids were then transformed into DH10Bac cells for transposition of the rBAL sequence into the bacmid. Transformed cells were selected on LB agar plates containing 50 µg/ml kanamycin, 7 µg/ml gentimycin, 10 µg/ml tetracycline, 40 µg/ml IPTG, and 100 µg/ml Blue-gal. White colonies containing recombinant bacmid DNA were selected for isolation of the large (>23 kb) bacmid DNA as described by Invitrogen.

To isolate the baculovirus containing rBAL, Sf 9 cells growing in mid-log phase were seeded at a concentration of 9 x 10⁵ cells/35-mm well in a 6-well plate in 2 ml of Sf-900 II SFM containing penicillin (50 U/ml) and streptomycin (50 µg/ml) and allowed to attach at 27°C for 1 h. For transfection, bacmid DNA, diluted in 100 µl Sf-900 II SFM without antibiotics, was gently mixed with CellFECTIN reagent diluted in 100 µl Sf-900 II SFM with antibiotics and incubated for 45 min at room temperature. The Sf 9 cells were washed once with 2 ml Sf-900 II SFM without antibiotics and overlaid with the DNA/CellFECTIN solution diluted with 800 µl Sf-900 II SFM. The cells were incubated at 27°C for 5 h, then the DNA/CellFECTIN solution was removed and replaced with fresh Sf-900 II SFM containing antibiotics. The cells were incubated at 27°C for 72 h and the baculovirus-containing supernatant fraction was removed and centrifuged at 500 g for 5 min to remove cells and debris.

To prepare rBAL-containing microsomes, Sf 9 cells in mid-log phase in liquid culture were infected with the recombinant virus and incubated at 27°C for 72 h. The Sf 9 cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 500 g for 5 min. Cell pellets were resuspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), homogenized in a glass-Teflon homogenizer, and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min at 4°C. The supernatant fraction was recovered and centrifuged at 100,000 g at 4°C for 1 h. The microsomal pellet was resuspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM DTT and 1 µg/ml PMSF. Protein concentrations were estimated using Bio-Rad dye reagent with gamma globulin as a standard. The His-tagged rBAL protein was further purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography.

rBAL assay
The BAL enzyme assay was modified from the procedure of Killenberg and Jordan (13). The BAL reaction mixture contained 20 µM CDCA, 5 mM ATP, 50 µM CoA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM NaF, and 2 µM [11, 12-³H]CDCA (25 µCi/mmol) (Amersham) in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5 (total reaction volume 100 µl). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C for 2 min, then the rBAL enzyme was added in a 15-µl volume and the reaction mixture was incubated for 20 min. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 0.4 ml of 45% methanol-1.5% percholoric acid. In controls, the methanol/percholoric acid solution was added before the enzyme fraction. The reactions were then extracted twice with 3 ml of water-saturated diethyl ether and the amount of ³H-CDCA-CoA in the aqueous phase was determined by scintillation spectrometry.

To determine the K_m of expressed rBAL for CDCA, the CDCA concentration in the assay was varied from 1 to 50 µM at constant CoA and MgCl₂ concentrations of 50 µM and 2.5 mM, respectively. Sf 9 microsomes containing expressed rBAL were diluted with 0.1 M potassium phosphate to maintain CDC-CoA production between 5% and 10% of total CDCA in the reaction. In experiments to determine the ability of bile acids and fatty acids to inhibit rBAL activity, the nonradioactive bile acids and fatty acids were dissolved in isopropanol. The appropriate amount of bile acid or fatty acid was placed in the reaction tube and air-dried. The reaction mixture was added, thoroughly mixed, and incubated at 37°C for 2 min. The reactions were carried out and [³H]CDC-CoA isolated as described previously.

Product identification
To identify the products generated by rBAL from CDCA and CoA, reactions were carried out as described previously without being stopped by the addition of the methanol/perchloric acid solution. An aliquot (30 µl) of the reaction mix was applied directly to a reverse-phase C₁₈ HPLC column with a mobile-phase flow rate of 1 ml/min. The elution solvent consisted of mixtures of buffer A (5% (v/v) isopropanol/10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7) and buffer B [40% isopropanol (v/v)/6 mM ammonium acetate, pH 7]. The gradient conditions were 0–8 min, 0–85% buffer B; 8–15 min, 85–100% buffer B; 15–30 min, 100% buffer B, and the absorbance of the eluate was monitored at 262 nm. A peak at 12.7 min appeared after injection of either chemically synthesized CDC-CoA or the reaction mixture. The peaks were collected and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) on a PE Sciex API III triple-quadruple mass spectrometer (Concord, Ontario, Canada). Mass spectra over the range m/z 100 to 2,000 were recorded in both the positive and negative ion modes.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Molecular characterization of rBAL cDNA
The original partial rBAL cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR using rat liver total RNA as a template. A degenerate rBAL-selective primer was designed corresponding to part of the sequence of a peptide derived from proteolysis of pure rBAL. The degenerate rBAL primer and a dT18 oligomer were used as primers in the PCR reaction. Two major PCR products (450 bp and 300 bp) were generated. These DNA fragments were subcloned into pCR2.1 and sequenced. One fragment, 423 bp in length, encoded the four amino acids (QKLY) immediately following the sequence of the purified peptide used to design the degenerate oligonucleotide primer. The 423 nucleotide PCR product also encoded the sequence of a separate peptide derived from purified rBAL (Fig. 1) . The 423bp cDNA fragment was then used as a probe to screen a Zap II Sprague Dawley rat liver cDNA library to isolate the full-length rBAL cDNA.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Nucleotide sequence and translation of the rBAL-1 cDNA. The nucleotide sequence and the translated amino acid sequence are numbered at the right. An asterisk denotes the stop codon. The sequence of the 423 bp RT-PCR product begins at nucleotide 1856 and extends into the polyadenylation tract. The peptide sequence (aa 602–609) identified by peptide sequencing and used to construct the 5'-PCR primer is underlined. The four amino acids identified in the purified peptide and the PCR product are denoted in bold print. The sequence of a separate peptide (aa 651–666) obtained by peptide sequencing of purified rBAL is denoted by a double underlining.

The rBAL-1 cDNA contains 51 bp of 5'-nontranslated sequence and 138 bp of 3'-nontranslated sequence with a 101 bp poly(A) tail. A putative polyadenylation signal sequence, AATAAA, is located 17 bases upstream from the beginning of the poly(A) tail. rBAL-1 encodes a protein consisting of 690 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 76,260 Da (Fig. 1). The translation of rBAL-1 also contains the two polypeptides derived from sequencing of peptides obtained from purified rat liver rBAL protein. The one ambiguous amino acid (aa 607) in the peptide sequences is encoded as a phenylalanine in rBAL-1. Also, the peptide generated by CNBr digestion is positioned in the translation of rBAL-1 immediately after a methionine residue.

Northern blot analysis of rBAL expression in rat tissues
Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from several tissues of an adult male Sprague Dawley rat was used to determine the size and tissue distribution of messages hybridizing with the rBAL cDNA. Figure 2 shows that the rBAL cDNA detects one message, approximately 2,500 bp in length, in liver RNA. This RNA is close in size to the rBAL-1 cDNA. rBAL-1 hybridization was not detectable in RNA isolated from kidney, spleen, heart, lung, brain, or testis; however, a single slightly larger signal was observed for rat small intestine RNA.

View larger version (78K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Northern blot analysis of rBAL message expression in different rat tissues. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues of a male Sprague-Dawley rat using STAT-60. Five micrograms of total RNA was loaded into each lane and the RNA was resolved on a 1% agarose gel in the presence of formaldehyde and probed with 32P-labeled rBAL-1 as described in Materials and Methods. RNA in lanes 1-8 were from: lane 1, liver; lane 2, kidney; lane 3, spleen; lane 4, heart; lane 5, lung; lane 6, brain; lane 7, small intestine; lane 8, testis.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Immunoblot analysis of rBAL in rat tissues. Microsomes were prepared from tissues of a young male Sprague Dawley rat and resolved by electrophoresis in 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Each lane contained 80 µg of microsomal protein and the resolved proteins were electrophoretically transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The primary antibody was rabbit anti-rBAL antisera (1:4,000 dilution) and the secondary was goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:60,000 dilution). Immunoconjugates were visualized using the Supersignal West Pico System (Pierce).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Expression of rBAL activity in Sf 9 insect cells. The rBAL-1 cDNA was inserted into the baculoviral vectors, pFastBac-1 and pFastBacHTb, and expressed in Sf 9 insect cells. Microsomes were prepared from control cells (Sf 9M) and cells infected with rBAL/pFastBac-1(rBAL) or rBAL/pFastBacHTb (rBAL6His). Chenodeoxycholate (CDCA) conjugation activity was assayed in the microsomal samples and compared with the activity in male Sprague Dawley rat liver microsomes (RLM).

Comparison of rBAL and acyl-CoA-synthetases
Figure 5 shows the phylogenetic tree of the comparison of the translation of rBAL with the sequences of six very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (VLACS) and two very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase related proteins. rBAL is 65.2–65.5% similar and 42.3–43.9% identical to VLACS proteins cloned from rat (14), mouse (15), and human (16, 17). rBAL is most homologous to a mouse VLACS-related protein (87.2% identity, 93.3% similarity) (18). High homology (71.6% identity, 85.5% similarity) is also observed with a human VLACS protein, also referred as FATP5 or hVLACS-H2 (8). Human VLACS-H2 has been reported to possess cholyl CoA synthetase activity (19) and more recently to form CoA esters of several bile acids (20). The high degree of sequence similarity between rBAL and these CoA synthetase proteins supports the inclusion of rBAL in the CoA synthetase/FATP gene family (8).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree of rBAL and related proteins. The sequences of rBAL and several very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (VLACS) proteins were compared using the ClustalW alignment program and a phylogenetic tree generated using the McVector programs. The sequences and accession numbers of the pro-teins compared were rat BAL (AF242189), human VLACS-4 (AF030555), mouse VLACS-related protein (mVLACSR) (AJ223959), human VLACS-H2 (AF033031), human VLACS (D88308), human VLACS-H1 (AF064254), mouse VLACS (AJ223958), and rat VLACS (D85100).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effect of detergents on rBAL activity. The effect of increasing concentrations of Brij 58 and Tx-100 on rBAL activity was measured using CDCA as a substrate. Sf 9 insect microsomes containing expressed rBAL were mixed on ice with increasing ratios of detergent relative to the microsomal protein concentration. The rBAL activity in the detergent treated microsomes was then assayed with 3H-CDCA as described in Materials and Methods.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The identity of the rBAL cDNA was confirmed by several approaches. The rBAL cDNA was isolated from a rat liver cDNA library using a cDNA probe generated by RT-PCR with rat liver total RNA as the template, according to the partial amino acid sequence of the previously purified rBAL enzyme (7). Two peptide sequences obtained from the analysis of the purified enzyme were identified in the translation of the rBAL cDNA confirming the relationship between the purified and cloned rBAL proteins. Also, high levels of CDC-CoA conjugation activity were detected in Sf 9 insect cells infected with a baculoviral vector containing the rBAL cDNA, whereas no CDC-CoA conjugation activity was detected in control Sf 9 cells. In addition, the amino acid sequence encoded by rBAL displays significant sequence similarity to fatty acid CoA synthetase/FATP proteins, indicating that rBAL is a member of this large gene family (23, 24).

rBAL was previously purified from rat liver microsomes and the membrane dependence of rBAL for enzymatic activity was characterized (7). Initial attempts to express active full-length rBAL in E. coli resulted in expression in inclusion bodies. Therefore, to increase the likelihood of detecting rBAL activity, rBAL was expressed in Sf 9 insect cells using a baculoviral vector. rBAL was expressed both in its native form and with an amino terminal 6x His tag (rBAL6H). Sf 9 microsomes did not form detectable levels of CDC-CoA; however, microsomes from Sf 9 cells expressing either rBAL or rBAL6H displayed high levels of CDC-CoA conjugation activity. The apparent K_m of the rBAL activity for CDCA (32 µM) expressed in Sf 9 cell microsomes was higher than that reported with the purified enzyme (18 µM)(7). The native enzyme purified from rat liver was solubilized with Brij-58, whereas the baculoviral expressed rBAL enzyme from Sf 9 cells was assayed as a Triton-X 100 solubilized microsomal preparation. The use of different detergents could account for the discrepancy in the K_ms. Kelley and Vessey (25) have also reported that detergent mixed micelles interfere with kinetic analysis of guinea pig and porcine BAL activities. Therefore, the experiments in this report were carried out without the addition of detergents.

Amino acids 1–76 of rBAL represent a highly lipophilic region that may have a role in the association of the protein with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The presence of the charged His tag at the amino end of the expressed protein decreased the level of expression of rBAL in Sf 9 microsomes, possibly by interfering with the membrane association of the protein. Also, the K_m of rBAL6H activity for CDCA in microsomes was approximately twice that of the native enzyme, suggesting that the 6x His tag affected the active conformation and/or membrane association of the enzyme.

Comparison of the sequence of rBAL with VLACS and related proteins from rat, mouse, and human demonstrated a high degree of similarity (Fig. 5). rBAL contains two highly conserved sequence motifs identified in the CoA synthetase gene family. The first is the AMP-binding domain (residues 294–303) that is conserved among long- and very-long chain acyl-CoA synthetases (23). The second is a domain highly conserved in the VLACS/fatty acid transport protein gene family located at amino acids 546–567 (24). These structural motifs increase the likelihood that rBAL is a member of the large fatty acid CoA synthetase/FATP gene family.

Expressed rBAL displayed high levels of bile acid conjugation activity; however, the translation of the rBAL cDNA has the most similarity to a mouse VLACS-related protein, highly expressed in liver (18). Enzymatic activity and substrates for this protein have not been reported. Another protein with a high level of similarity to rBAL is human VLACS-H2 (8). When expressed in COS-1 cells, hVLACS-H2 had low levels of activity toward several long chain fatty acids and was capable of forming cholyl CoA (19). Subsequently, hVLACS-H2 has been reported to form CoA esters of several primary and secondary bile acids as well as 3, 7, 12-THCA (20). Mihalik et al. (20) have suggested that hVLACS-H2 be referred to as hBACS. These results indicate that rBAL is the rat ortholog of hVLACS.

hVLACS-H2 is selectively expressed in the microsomal fraction of human liver as would be expected of a bile acid CoA ligase (26). Polokoff et al. found fatty acid CoA ligase activity in microsomes isolated from all rat tissues; however, cholic acid CoA ligase activity was only found in liver microsomes suggesting two separate ligating enzymes (27). The possibility exists that human tissues possess multiple bile acid CoA ligases. Immunoreactive rBAL-related protein was detected in testis tissue, although the protein migrated with a different molecular mass during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identity of this protein is not known and is under investigation. Expression of VLACS-H2 in human testis tissue has not been reported.

Differences in the amino acid sequences between the VLACS and rBAL are primarily in the N terminus domain. These differences could represent targeting or signal sequences to provide localization for the protein (24). rBAL, mouse VLACS-related protein, and VLACS-H2 lack the putative carboxyl terminal peroxisomal targeting signal (-LKL) identified in the mouse and rat VLACS proteins (14, 15). Steinberg et al. (19) also reported that VLACS-H2 is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum rather than peroxisomes. Kase and Bjorkhen (28) reported that rBAT, the second enzyme in the bile acid amidation pathway, is localized in peroxisomes and is not highly expressed in cytosol. Only one BAT gene has been identified in human (10) and mouse (4) tissues, indicating that the bile acid CoA esters may have to migrate into peroxisomes for taurine or glycine conjugation before excretion into bile, unless a bile acid CoA ligase activity is identified in peroxisomes.

The similarity between the VLACS proteins and rBAL indicates a possible overlap in function. Most of the various VLACS proteins have not been tested for their activity toward bile acids, and only VLACS-H2 has been reported to form bile acid CoA esters as well as long chain fatty acid CoA esters (19, 20). RBAL, which is capable of conjugating several bile acids (7), was inhibited by DCA, LCA, and CA, as well as by THCA, a C₂₇ bile acid precursor that is known to form a CoA ester as a step in its conversion to C₂₄ bile acids (29). Norcholic acid, a C₂₃ bile acid, did not inhibit rBAL, consistent with the observation that it is not metabolized to a CoA ester in vivo (30). These results indicate that rBAL is capable of synthesizing a number of different bile acid CoA esters including both C₂₄ and C₂₇ conjugates.

Since VLACS-H2 was reported to form both long chain fatty acid and bile acid CoA esters (19, 20), fatty acids were examined as substrates for rBAL. To investigate whether rBAL can specifically bind and/or conjugate fatty acids, several fatty acids were tested as inhibitors of rBAL catalyzed CDCA-CoA synthesis activity. rBAL was not inhibited by high concentrations of C₁₄ to C₁₈ saturated fatty acids (Table 2), which suggests that many saturated fatty acids are not substrates for rBAL. In contrast, rBAL was strongly inhibited by palmitoleic (C16:19C) and oleic (C18:19C) acids, each of which possess a double bond in a cis configuration. No inhibition was observed with elaidic acid (C18:19), which has the double bond in the trans configuration. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Vessey et al. (6), who showed that guinea pig BAL was inhibited by oleic acid. Mass spectrometry analysis and assays done with ³H-labeled oleic acid revealed that oleoyl CoA and palmitoleoyl CoA were not formed and are therefore not substrates of rBAL. Even with the addition of 200 µM oleate, which is well above the K_m for other VLACS for oleoyl CoA (1.4 µM) (31, 32), no oleoyl CoA was detectable by LC-MS. Kinetic analysis showed that oleic acid inhibited rBAL activity in a mixed pattern, suggesting that palmitoleic and oleic acids may interact with the active site as well as altering the lipid environment of the protein (data not shown).

Bile acid amidation is important for increasing the fat solubilization and absorption properties of bile acids. The cloning, expression, and characterization of both enzymes involved in bile acid amidation now allows for a more complete characterization of this process. Recently, patients presenting with fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies have been diagnosed with an inability to synthesize bile acid-amino acid conjugates (33). One possibility is that the loss of bile acid amidates in these patients is related to genetic defects in the expression of BAL or BAT activity. The cloning and characterization of BAL allows for a more thorough investigation of its role in the synthesis of bile acid and fatty acid CoA esters and the interactions between these two processes.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
This research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant DK46390. The rBAL sequence has been submitted to Genbank and has been assigned accession number AF242189. Norcholic acid and trihydroxycoprostanoic acid were kindly donated from Dr. Alan Hofmann (University of California, San Diego). The mass spectrometer was purchased by funds from a NIH/NCRR Shared Instrumentation Grant (S10RR06487) and from this institution. Operation of the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center Mass Spectrometry Shared Facility has been supported in part by a NCI Core Research Support Grant to the UAB Comprehensive Cancer (P30 CA13148).

Manuscript received July 3, 2002 and in revised form August 21, 2002.

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