HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: M400221-JLR200v1 45/11/2110    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Sirvent, A. Articles by Staels, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Sirvent, A. Articles by Staels, B. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?

Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 45, 2110-2115, November 2004
Copyright © 2004 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Farnesoid X receptor represses hepatic lipase gene expression

Audrey Sirvent^*,, Adrie J. M. Verhoeven, Hans Jansen, Vladimir Kosykh^**, Raphaël J. Darteil^*, Dean W. Hum^*, Jean-Charles Fruchart and Bart Staels^1,

^* GENFIT, Parc Eurasanté, Loos, France
U545 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille, and the Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille II, Lille, France
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
^** Cardiology Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Published, JLR Papers in Press, September 1, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M400221-JLR200

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: bart.staels{at}pasteur-lille.fr

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression in response to bile acids (BAs). FXR plays a central role in BA, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we identify HL, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of remnant and high density lipoproteins, as a novel FXR-regulated gene. The natural FXR ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), downregulates HL gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The nonsteroidal synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 also decreases HL mRNA levels in HepG2 cells and in primary human hepatocytes. Moreover, the decrease of HL mRNA levels after treatment with FXR agonists was associated with a significant decrease in secreted enzymatic activity. In addition, FXR-specific gene silencing using small interfering RNAs demonstrated that CDCA- and GW4064-mediated downregulation of HL transcript levels occurs via an FXR-dependent mechanism. Finally, using transient transfection experiments, it is shown that FXR represses transcriptional activity of a reporter driven by the –698/+13 bp human HL promoter.

Taken together, these results identify HL as a new FXR-regulated gene in human liver cells. In view of the role of HL in plasma lipoprotein metabolism, our results further emphasize the central role of FXR in lipid homeostasis.

Abbreviations: apoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I; BA, bile acid; BSEP, bile salt export pump; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; FXRE, FXR response element; IR1, inverted repeat spaced by one nucleotide; SHP, small heterodimer partner; siRNA, small interfering RNA

Supplementary key words hepatocytes • small interfering ribonucleic acids • lipid metabolism

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Hepatic lipase is a glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes that exhibits phospholipase A1 and triglyceride hydrolase activities (1, 2). It is extracellularly present in liver, ovaries, and adrenals bound via heparan sulfate proteoglycans and can be released into the circulation by the infusion of heparan sulfate (3, 4). The HL enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides of intermediate density lipoproteins to produce LDLs, triglycerides, and phospholipids of HDL. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of HL in HDL metabolism. Patients with a genetic deficiency of HL have increased plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and phospholipids (5, 6). Through its function as a lipolytic enzyme, HL thus plays a major role in the metabolism of circulating plasma lipoproteins. However, controversial evidence exists concerning whether HL is proatherogenic or antiatherogenic (7).

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is highly expressed in liver, kidney, adrenals, and intestine (8). FXR is activated by bile acids (BA), such as the primary BA chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (9, 10). In addition to BAs, synthetic FXR agonists have also been identified (11, 12). In response to ligand binding, FXR regulates a variety of genes involved in BA and cholesterol metabolism. FXR negatively regulates BA production by inhibiting transcription of the cholesterol-7-hydroxylase gene (13), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into BAs. In addition, FXR regulates the expression of various proteins involved in the uptake, intracellular transport, and export of BAs, such as intestinal BA binding protein (14), the bile salt export pump (BSEP) (15), and the Na⁺-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (16). Recent findings have shown that FXR also regulates lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Genetic evidence came from FXR-deficient mice that display increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (17). Moreover, FXR positively regulates the phospholipid transfer protein gene (18), which encodes a secreted protein that facilitates the transfer of phospholipids between lipoproteins and modulates plasma HDL metabolism. Furthermore, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major apolipoprotein component of HDL, is downregulated by FXR (19). In addition, FXR controls plasma triglyceride levels by activating the apoC-II gene (20), an obligate cofactor for lipoprotein lipase responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons, and by inhibiting apoC-III (21), which inhibits intravascular triglyceride metabolism. Taken together, these findings identify FXR as a key player in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

We further explored the influence of FXR on HDL metabolism using a microarray approach aimed at identifying new FXR target genes in liver. In this study, we identify HL as a FXR-regulated gene in human liver cells. In view of the role of HL in the metabolism of circulating plasma lipoproteins, our data further emphasize the central role of FXR in lipid homeostasis.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Materials
CDCA was obtained from Sigma (Saint-Quentin, France). Human hepatoblastoma HepG2 and HuH7 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). JETPEI transfection reagent was from PolyPlus Transfection (Illrich, France). GW4064 was synthesized in the chemistry department of GENFIT (Loos, France) according to Maloney et al. (11).

Cell culture and treatments
HepG2 and HuH7 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, streptomycin/penicillin, sodium pyruvate, glutamine, and nonessential amino acids (Life Technologies, Cergy-Pontoise, France) at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Human primary hepatocytes were isolated as described (22) and incubated for 48 h with CDCA (75 µM) or GW4064 (1 µM). For mRNA analysis, HepG2 cells were treated on six-well plates at 60% confluence with either CDCA or GW4064 at the indicated concentration.

Transient transfection assays
HepG2 cells were transfected using JETPEI reagent on 24-well plates with 70 x 10³ cells/well. One hundred nanograms of luciferase reporter plasmids were cotransfected with 20 ng of PRLnull, a renilla reporter internal control plasmid, with or without 20 ng of pcDNA3 hFXR and 20 ng of pSG5 human retinoid X receptor or pSG5 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, Leek, The Netherlands) as empty control vectors. All samples were complemented with pBSK+ plasmid (Stratagene) to an identical total amount of DNA (500 ng/well). Five hours later, cells were incubated with or without FXR agonists in medium containing 2% Ultroser SF serum (Life Technologies). Luciferase activity was assayed 48 h later using a TR717 microplate luminometer (Applied Biosystems).

RNA analysis
Total RNA was isolated using TRI Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma). Total RNA was reverse transcribed using random hexamer primers and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed using the LightCycler Technology (Roche Diagnostic). cDNA (0.5 µl) was added in a 20 µl final volume to 2 µl of LightCycler DNA Master SYBR Green I mix (Roche Diagnostic), MgCl₂ solution (3 mM), and forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers (100 nM). The PCR program consisted of a denaturing step at 95°C for 8 min followed by 40 cycles of 10 s at 55°C, 10 s at 95°C, and 15 s at 72°C. Primers used were as follows: HL forward, 5'-GGAGGAATCTGTTCAACTCTCTCG-3'; HL reverse, 5'-AGAAAGACGATTGCTGGGGG-3'; BSEP forward, 5'-AGTTGCTCATCGCTTGTCTACG-3'; BSEP reverse 5'-GCTTGATTTCCCTGGCTTTG-3'; GAPDH forward, 5'-GACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGAA-3'; GAPDH reverse, 5'-CCACATACCAGGAAATGAGC-3'; FXR forward, 5'-CCGTGAATGAAGACAGTGAAGGTCG-3'; FXR reverse, 5'-ACCCTTTCAGCAAAGCAATCTGGTC-3'; small heterodimer partner (SHP) forward, 5'-GGCTGGCAGTGCTGATTCAG-3'; SHP reverse, 5'-TGGGGTGTGGCTGAGTGAAG-3'; 36B4 forward, 5'-CATGCTCAACATCTCCCCCTTCTCC-3'; 36B4 reverse, 5'-GGGAAGGTGTAATCCGTCTCCACAG-3'. mRNA levels were normalized to 36B4 mRNA.

Secreted hepatic lipase activity measurement
HepG2 and HuH7 cells were cultured on six-well plates (0.5 x 10⁶ cells/well) in DMEM containing 25 units/ml heparin and treated with or without FXR agonists. Medium was collected after 30 h, and HL activity was determined by a triacylglycerol hydrolase assay at pH 8.5 in 0.6 M NaCl using a gum acacia-stabilized glycerol [¹⁴C]trioleate emulsion as substrate (23). Assays were performed for 30 min at 30°C, and activities were expressed as milliunits (nanomoles of free fatty acids released per minute).

Gene silencing with small interfering RNAs
The small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting human FXR (cDNA sequence 5'-GTCGTGACTTGCGACAAG-3') were synthesized by Eurogentec (Seraing, Belgium) and annealed according to the manufacturer's instructions. siRNA negative control and siRNAs specific for GAPDH from Ambion (Austin, TX) were used to test nonspecific effects on gene expression. HepG2 cells were transfected using Oligofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions on 12-well plates containing 150 x 10³ cells/well with 125 nM siRNA/well. Twelve hours after transfection, cells were treated for 36 h with FXR agonists at the indicated concentrations before RNA analysis.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
FXR agonists repress hepatic lipase gene expression
To investigate the effect of FXR agonists on HL gene expression, HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the natural FXR ligand CDCA. Analysis of HL mRNA levels by real-time quantitative PCR revealed a significant dose- and time-dependent decrease of HL transcript levels in CDCA-treated compared with vehicle-treated HepG2 cells (Fig. 1A, B). Because BAs may exert FXR-independent effects by activating other signal transduction pathways (24, 25), the influence of the synthetic nonsteroidal FXR-specific agonist GW4064 was tested on HL gene expression. Treatment of HepG2 cells with GW4064 also resulted in a significant dose-and time-dependent decrease of HL mRNA levels compared with control vehicle-treated cells (Fig. 1A, B). Moreover, downregulation of HL gene expression was also observed in HuH7 cells (data not shown) and primary human hepatocytes treated with CDCA and GW4064 (Fig. 2). To determine if the FXR agonist-mediated downregulation of HL gene expression observed in vitro in human liver cells also occurs in other species, such as the mouse, C57BL/6 mice (n = 4) were treated for 5 days with taurocholic acid. In livers from C57BL/6 wild-type mice, taurocholic acid treatment significantly increased the expression of the well-characterized FXR target gene SHP but did not influence HL transcript levels (data not shown), suggesting a human-specific regulation of HL gene expression by BAs. Taken together, these data show that both natural and synthetic FXR agonists downregulate HL mRNA levels in human but not mouse liver cells.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists downregulate HL gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. HL mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. A: HepG2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations (as indicated) of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or GW4064 for 48 h. B: HepG2 cells were treated with DMSO [control (CON)], CDCA (75 µM), or GW4064 (5 µM) for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Values represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistically significant differences between control and FXR agonist-treated samples are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test): *** P < 0.001; ** 0.001 < P < 0.01; * 0.01 < P < 0.05.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. FXR agonists downregulate HL gene expression in primary human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with DMSO [control (CON)], CDCA (75 µM), or GW4064 (5 µM) for 48 h. HL mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Values represent means ± SD (n = 5). Statistically significant differences between control and FXR agonist-treated samples are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test): *** P < 0.001; ** 0.001 < P < 0.01.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. FXR agonists downregulate HL activity. HepG2 (A) and HuH7 (B) cells were treated for 30 h with DMSO [control (CON)], CDCA (75 µM), or GW4064 (5 µM) in medium containing 25 units/ml heparin. Hepatic lipase activity was determined by a triacylglycerol hydrolase assay (23). Values represent means ± SD (n = 6). Statistically significant differences between control and FXR agonist-treated samples are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test): *** P < 0.001.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Silencing of FXR mRNA levels abolishes the downregulation of HL gene expression by FXR agonists in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were transfected or not [control (CON)] with small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes specific for FXR or GAPDH, or with a siRNA negative control (NEG). After 12 h, cells were treated with DMSO (open bars), CDCA (75 µM; closed bars), or GW4064 (5 µM; hatched bars) for 36 h. HL (A), bile salt export pump (BSEP; B), and small heterodimer partner (SHP; C) mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Values represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistically significant differences between control and FXR agonist-treated samples are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test): *** P < 0.001; ** 0.001 < P < 0.01; * 0.01 < P < 0.05.

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. FXR represses transcriptional activity of the –698/+13 bp fragment of the human HL promoter. HepG2 cells were cotransfected with 100 ng of luciferase reporter pGL3 plasmid driven by various deletion fragments of the proximal human HL promoter with or without pcDNA3-hFXR (20 ng) and pSG5-human retinoid X receptor (20 ng). Cells were treated with DMSO [control (CON)] or GW4064 (1 µM) for 48 h. Results are expressed in relative luciferase units (RLUs) as fold induction of controls set at 1 and normalized to internal control renilla activity. Values represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistically significant differences are indicated by asterisks (Student's t-test): *** P < 0.001.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In the present study, it is shown that BA-activated FXR mediates a time- and dose-dependent downregulation of HL transcript levels in human hepatic cells. In contrast with the SHP response to FXR agonists, which occurs very early (30), the downregulation of HL transcript levels is more delayed, as previously observed with other FXR target genes such as UGT2B4 and apoA-I (19, 30). Moreover, our data from transient transfection experiments indicate that the regulation of HL gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level via elements located in the proximal promoter. By using nonsteroidal FXR-selective agonist and FXR-specific siRNA, we have clearly demonstrated that CDCA downregulates HL gene expression via a FXR-dependent mechanism in human liver cells. Most previously characterized FXR response elements (FXREs) are inverted repeats spaced by one nucleotide (IR1) acting as positive sites to which FXR binds as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor . The proximal HL promoter does not contain IR1-type sequences that could function as FXREs. However, FXR was also shown to downregulate apoA-I gene transcription through a nonclassical mechanism by binding as a monomer to an atypical FXRE in the C site of the promoter (19). In electromobility shift assays, however, FXR did not bind in vitro to oligonucleotides covering the –698 and –541 region of the proximal HL promoter (data not shown). Thus, FXR could regulate HL gene transcription indirectly (31, 32).

HL is implicated in the intravascular remodeling of LDLs and HDLs. HL reduces HDL particle size by hydrolyzing its triglycerides and phospholipids. Although these studies were performed in isolated liver cells and therefore cannot be directly extrapolated to the in vivo situation, the downregulation of HL by FXR agonists suggests a novel mechanism that may contribute to the modulation of HDL and triglyceride metabolism by BA-activated FXR. FXR has already been reported to downregulate apoA-I, the major apolipoprotein component of HDL (19), and to positively regulate phospholipid transfer protein gene expression (18), which encodes a secreted protein that facilitates the transfer of phospholipids between lipoproteins and regulates plasma HDL levels. On the one hand, by inhibiting apoA-I synthesis, FXR should decrease HDL levels. On the other hand, by decreasing HL, FXR may also prevent HDL from being converted into smaller particles, which are more rapidly cleared in the kidney. So overall, in humans, FXR may not have a major quantitative impact on HDL but may modify its composition and hence its function. In agreement with this, it has been shown that CDCA does not affect HDL levels in humans (33). FXR also controls plasma triglyceride levels by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , another nuclear receptor controlling triglyceride metabolism (34), and apoC-II (20), an obligate cofactor for lipoprotein lipase responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons, and by inhibiting apoC-III (21), which plays an important role in the control of triglyceride metabolism. In this way, FXR likely promotes peripheral triglyceride clearing. In this context, it is tempting to hypothesize that the repression of HL by FXR could be an additional mechanism to prevent lipid overloading in the liver. The repression of HL transcript levels by FXR agonists further emphasizes the key role of FXR in regulating lipid metabolism. However, further studies are required to determine the contribution of each mechanism to the triglyceride- and HDL cholesterol-decreasing activity of BAs. Because BA concentrations (25 µM) as low as those found in human liver cells in vivo (9, 10) are able to repress HL gene expression, it is tempting to speculate that the regulation of HL by FXR should be relevant not only in pathophysiological conditions of high intrahepatic BA concentrations, such as in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, but also in normal physiological situations.

In conclusion, this study identifies HL as a novel FXR-regulated gene in human liver. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which BAs may modulate triglyceride and HDL metabolism in human liver cells and further emphasize the central role of FXR in lipid homeostasis.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
The authors thank K. Bertrand and the Chemistry Department of GENFIT for the synthesis of the GW4064 compound. This work was supported by grants from GENFIT and the Fondation Leducq. A.S. is the recipient of a Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche training grant from the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique and the Ministère de la Recherche.

Manuscript received June 14, 2004 and in revised form August 13, 2004.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

1. Doolittle, M. H., H. Wong, R. C. Davis, and M. C. Schotz. 1987. Synthesis of hepatic lipase in liver and extrahepatic tissues. J. Lipid Res. 28: 1326–1334.[Abstract]

2. Stahnke, G., R. Sprengel, J. Augustin, and H. Will. 1987. Human hepatic triglyceride lipase: cDNA cloning, amino acid sequence and expression in a cultured cell line. Differentiation. 35: 45–52.[CrossRef][Medline]

3. Breedveld, B., K. Schoonderwoerd, A. J. Verhoeven, R. Willemsen, and H. Jansen. 1997. Hepatic lipase is localized at the parenchymal cell microvilli in rat liver. Biochem. J. 321: 425–430.

4. Sanan, D. A., J. Fan, A. Bensadoun, and J. M. Taylor. 1997. Hepatic lipase is abundant on both hepatocyte and endothelial cell surfaces in the liver. J. Lipid Res. 38: 1002–1013.[Abstract]

5. Connelly, P. W., G. F. Maguire, M. Lee, and J. A. Little. 1990. Plasma lipoproteins in familial hepatic lipase deficiency. Arteriosclerosis. 10: 40–46.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Breckenridge, W. C., J. A. Little, P. Alaupovic, C. S. Wang, A. Kuksis, G. Kakis, F. Lindgren, and G. Gardiner. 1982. Lipoprotein abnormalities associated with a familial deficiency of hepatic lipase. Atherosclerosis. 45: 161–179.[CrossRef][Medline]

7. Jansen, H., A. J. Verhoeven, and E. J. Sijbrands. 2002. Hepatic lipase: a pro- or anti-atherogenic protein? J. Lipid Res. 43: 1352–1362.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Seol, W., H. S. Choi, and D. D. Moore. 1995. Isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor: two novel orphan receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 72–85.[Abstract]

9. Parks, D. J., S. G. Blanchard, R. K. Bledsoe, G. Chandra, T. G. Consler, S. A. Kliewer, J. B. Stimmel, T. M. Willson, A. M. Zavacki, D. D. Moore, and J. M. Lehmann. 1999. Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor. Science. 284: 1365–1368.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Makishima, M., A. Y. Okamoto, J. J. Repa, H. Tu, R. M. Learned, A. Luk, M. V. Hull, K. D. Lustig, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and B. Shan. 1999. Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science. 284: 1362–1365.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Maloney, P. R., D. J. Parks, C. D. Haffner, A. M. Fivush, G. Chandra, K. D. Plunket, K. L. Creech, L. B. Moore, J. G. Wilson, M. C. Lewis, S. A. Jones, and T. M. Willson. 2000. Identification of a chemical tool for the orphan nuclear receptor FXR. J. Med. Chem. 43: 2971–2974.[CrossRef][Medline]

12. Pellicciari, R., S. Fiorucci, E. Camaioni, C. Clerici, G. Costantino, P. R. Maloney, A. Morelli, D. J. Parks, and T. M. Willson. 2002. 6 alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a potent and selective FXR agonist endowed with anticholestatic activity. J. Med. Chem. 45: 3569–3572.[CrossRef][Medline]

13. Davis, R. A., J. H. Miyake, T. Y. Hui, and N. J. Spann. 2002. Regulation of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase: BAREly missing a SHP. J. Lipid Res. 43: 533–543.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Hwang, S. T., N. L. Urizar, D. D. Moore, and S. J. Henning. 2002. Bile acids regulate the ontogenic expression of ileal bile acid binding protein in the rat via the farnesoid X receptor. Gastroenterology. 122: 1483–1492.[CrossRef][Medline]

15. Plass, J. R., O. Mol, J. Heegsma, M. Geuken, K. N. Faber, P. L. Jansen, and M. Muller. 2002. Farnesoid X receptor and bile salts are involved in transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the human bile salt export pump. Hepatology. 35: 589–596.[CrossRef][Medline]

16. Denson, L. A., E. Sturm, W. Echevarria, T. L. Zimmerman, M. Makishima, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and S. J. Karpen. 2001. The orphan nuclear receptor, SHP, mediates bile acid-induced inhibition of the rat bile acid transporter, NTCP. Gastroenterology. 121: 140–147.[CrossRef][Medline]

17. Sinal, C. J., M. Tohkin, M. Miyata, J. M. Ward, G. Lambert, and F. J. Gonzalez. 2000. Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Cell. 102: 731–744.[CrossRef][Medline]

18. Urizar, N. L., D. H. Dowhan, and D. D. Moore. 2000. The farnesoid X-activated receptor mediates bile acid activation of phospholipid transfer protein gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 39313–39317.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Claudel, T., E. Sturm, H. Duez, I. P. Torra, A. Sirvent, V. Kosykh, J. C. Fruchart, J. Dallongeville, D. W. Hum, F. Kuipers, and B. Staels. 2002. Bile acid-activated nuclear receptor FXR suppresses apolipoprotein A-I transcription via a negative FXR response element. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 961–971.[CrossRef][Medline]

20. Kast, H. R., C. M. Nguyen, C. J. Sinal, S. A. Jones, B. A. Laffitte, K. Reue, F. J. Gonzalez, T. M. Willson, and P. A. Edwards. 2001. Farnesoid X-activated receptor induces apolipoprotein C-II transcription: a molecular mechanism linking plasma triglyceride levels to bile acids. Mol. Endocrinol. 15: 1720–1728.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Claudel, T., Y. Inoue, O. Barbier, D. Duran-Sandoval, V. Kosykh, J. Fruchart, J. C. Fruchart, F. J. Gonzalez, and B. Staels. 2003. Farnesoid X receptor agonists suppress hepatic apolipoprotein CIII expression. Gastroenterology. 125: 544–555.[CrossRef][Medline]

22. Chippers, I. J., H. Moshage, H. Roelofsen, M. Muller, H. S. Heymans, M. Ruiters, and F. Kuipers. 1997. Immortalized human hepatocytes as a tool for the study of hepatocytic (de-)differentiation. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 13: 375–386.[CrossRef][Medline]

23. Verhoeven, A. J., and H. Jansen. 1990. Secretion of rat hepatic lipase is blocked by inhibition of oligosaccharide processing at the stage of glucosidase I. J. Lipid Res. 10: 1883–1893.

24. Staudinger, J. L., B. Goodwin, S. A. Jones, D. Hawkins-Brown, K. I. MacKenzie, A. LaTour, Y. Liu, C. D. Klaassen, K. K. Brown, J. Reinhard, T. M. Willson, B. H. Koller, and S. A. Kliewer. 2001. The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98: 3369–3374.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25. Gupta, S., R. T. Stravitz, P. Dent, and P. B. Hylemon. 2001. Down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression by bile acids in primary rat hepatocytes is mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 15816–15822.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26. Srivastava, R. A., N. Srivastava, and M. Averna. 2000. Dietary cholic acid lowers plasma levels of mouse and human apolipoprotein A-I primarily via a transcriptional mechanism. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 4272–4280.[Medline]

27. Lambert, G., M. J. A. Amar, G. Guo, H. Bryan Brewer, Jr., F. J. Gonzalez, and C. J. Sinal. 2003. The farnesoid X-receptor is an essential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 2563–2570.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

28. Ben-Zeev, O., G. Stahnke, G. Liu, R. C. Davis, and M. H. Doolittle. 1994. Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase: the role of asparagine-linked glycosylation in the expression of a functional enzyme. J. Lipid Res. 35: 1511–1523.[Abstract]

29. Wolle, J., H. Jansen, L. C. Smith, and L. Chan. 1993. Functional role of N-linked glycosylation in human hepatic lipase: asparagine-56 is important for both enzyme activity and secretion. J. Lipid Res. 34: 2169–2176.[Abstract]

30. Barbier, O., I. P. Torra, A. Sirvent, T. Claudel, C. Blanquart, D. Duran-Sandoval, F. Kuipers, V. Kosykh, J. C. Fruchart, and B. Staels. 2003. FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: a potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activity. Gastroenterology. 124: 1926–1940.[CrossRef][Medline]

31. Goodwin, B., S. A. Jones, R. R. Price, M. A. Watson, D. D. McKee, L. B. Moore, C. Galardi, J. G. Wilson, M. C. Lewis, M. E. Roth, P. R. Maloney, T. M. Willson, and S. A. Kliewer. 2000. A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis. Mol. Cell. 6: 517–526.[CrossRef][Medline]

32. Holt, J. A., G. Luo, A. N. Billin, J. Bisi, Y. Y. McNeill, K. F. Kozarsky, M. Donahee, Y. Wang da, T. A. Mansfield, S. A. Kliewer, B. Goodwin, and S. A. Jones. 2003. Definition of a novel growth factor-dependent signal cascade for the suppression of bile acid biosynthesis. Genes Dev. 17: 1581–1591.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

33. Albers, J. J., S. M. Grundy, P. A. Cleary, D. M. Small, J. M. Lachin, and L. J. Schoenfield. 1982. National Cooperative Gallstone Study: the effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Gastroenterology. 82: 638–646.[Medline]

34. Pineda Torra, I., T. Claudel, C. Duval, V. Kosykh, J. C. Fruchart, and B. Staels. 2003. Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 17: 259–272.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

CiteULike

Complore

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. D. Moore, S. Kato, W. Xie, D. J. Mangelsdorf, D. R. Schmidt, R. Xiao, and S. A. Kliewer International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I Receptors: Constitutive Androstane Receptor, Pregnene X Receptor, Farnesoid X Receptor {alpha}, Farnesoid X Receptor beta, Liver X Receptor {alpha}, Liver X Receptor beta, and Vitamin D Receptor Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 742 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. E. Rufibach, S. A. Duncan, M. Battle, and S. S. Deeb Transcriptional regulation of the human hepatic lipase (LIPC) gene promoter J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2006; 47(7): 1463 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: M400221-JLR200v1 45/11/2110    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Sirvent, A. Articles by Staels, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Sirvent, A. Articles by Staels, B. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?