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Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 44, 1728-1736, September 2003
Copyright © 2003 by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
* Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: kfngld{at}itsa.ucsf.edu
Several of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters have recently been shown to play important roles in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and prevention of atherosclerosis. In the liver, ABCG5 and ABCG8 have been proposed to efflux sterols into the bile for excretion. ABCG5 and ABCG8 also limit absorption of dietary cholesterol and plant sterols in the intestine. In macrophages, ABCA1 and ABCG1 mediate cholesterol removal from these cells to HDL. Many of these ABC transporters are regulated by the liver X receptor (LXR). We have previously shown that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) down-regulates LXR in rodent liver. In the present study, we examined the in vivo and in vitro regulation of these ABC transporters by endotoxin. We found that endotoxin significantly decreased mRNA levels of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in the liver, but not in the small intestine. When endotoxin or cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1) were incubated with J774 murine macrophages, the mRNA levels of ABCA1 were decreased. This effect was rapid and sustained, and was associated with a reduction in ABCA1 protein levels. Endotoxin and cytokines also decreased ABCG1 mRNA levels in J774 cells. Although LXR is a positive regulator of ABCA1 and ABCG1, we did not observe a reduction in protein levels of LXR or in binding of nuclear proteins to an LXR response element in J774 cells.
The decrease in ABCG5 and ABCG8 levels in the liver as well as a reduction in ABCA1 and ABCG1 in macrophages during the host response to infection and inflammation coupled with other previously described changes in the RCT pathway may aggravate atherosclerosis.
Abbreviations: ABC, ATP binding cassette; APR, acute-phase response; cpt-cAMP, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1, interleukin-1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LXR, liver X receptor; RCT, reverse cholesterol transport; RXR, retinoid X receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor
Supplementary key words ATP binding cassette transporters • lipopolysaccharide • cytokine • acute-phase response • reverse cholesterol transport • high density lipoprotein metabolism • liver X receptor • retinoid X receptor
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