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COVER: Mechanisms of transcriptional activation and repression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs). Top: PPARs and LXRs can actively repress transcription in the absence of ligands by binding to target genes as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and recruiting corepressor complexes. Middle: binding of fatty acid or oxysterol ligands to PPAR/RXR or LXR/RXR heterodimers, respectively, causes the release of corepressor complexes, the recruitment of coactivator complexes, and transcriptional activation. Bottom: PPARs and LXRs can inhibit inflammatory responses in a ligand-dependent manner by antagonizing the actions of NF-kB. (See Li and Glass, p. 2161.)
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